R & D - ziri ...

Udindo wa sayansi kwambiri masiku ano chifukwa Mzimuyo chitukuko cha anthu ndi kuyambitsa zotsatira za sayansi ndi luso patsogolo mu dera zachuma ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu. R & D, ndichiyani? Izi osakaniza makalata oyambirira a mawu ena zachuma. R & D - ndi acronym kuti waima ntchito kafukufuku, bwino monga chopereka cha ntchito ofotokoza zikamera wa zinthu zatsopano ndi ntchito zawo zothandiza pa chitukuko ndi chilengedwe cha umisiri watsopano kapena katundu.

chiwerengero A mabungwe osiyana ndi ofanana ku munda wa kafukufuku. Izi ndi mabungwe osiyana kafukufuku ndi madipatimenti awo, malo mayeso, kapangidwe bureaus ndi kupanga woyendetsa.

R & D - okwera mtengo ndalama dera la chuma. Chitukuko wake, kumafuna ndalama ndi chuma, komanso kuyenerera kwambiri antchito choncho lonse kuopsa limaoneka yekha mu mayiko ambiri otukuka.

Soviet Union analipira kwambiri chidwi kuti pakhale kafukufuku ntchito. Ndi 90 TH zaka za m'ma 20 makampani ntchito ofufuza oposa 2 miliyoni. Oposa 70% ya zochitika za sayansi ndi kafukufuku Soviet Union zinachitika mu la Russia. Science mu USSR inkakhala m'magulu atatu: makampani, yunivesite ndi maphunziro. More onse yapangidwa makampani gawo, kumene iwo anali kuperekedwa makamaka mabungwe nkhondo ndi mafakitale komanso kufufuza kapangidwe.

Ndalama za sayansi mu nthawi Soviet zinachitikadi makamaka ndi boma bajeti, chimene chakhala inachepetseratu mu 90s, chimene chinachititsa kuti kuchepetsa kwambiri voliyumu ya chitukuko ndi kafukufuku. chiwerengero cha ofufuza ku Russia mu 2002 anatsika ndi chinawonjezereka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi 1990, ndipo anakwana anthu 420 000. Anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito ku dera sayansi kujowina zina "malonda" gawo: ngongole ndi ntchito chuma, malonda, etc. Ena mwa akatswiri kwambiri oyenerera anapita kukagwira ntchito m'mayiko ena.

Mu zinthu makamaka kovuta anali sayansi kafukufuku ndi ntchito kapangidwe mabungwe omwe anali pa periphery wa. Kufuna kafukufuku pansi ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Chifukwa cha chiyambi cha zaka zino, pali ndende yaikulu ya chitukuko ndi kafukufuku Moscow, Moscow dera (50% ya chitukuko) ndi St. Petersburg (10% ya chitukuko onse).

R & D mu Russia panopa akukumana nthawi yovuta - kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira chinkhoswe mu kafukufuku. Komabe, Russia ali nambala wachisanu waukulu cha anthu mu dziko, umene ukugwira R & D ndi ofufuza ambiri

R & D - ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri dongosolo, ndi kufufuza ndalama ndi chitukuko dziko loyamba, choncho kuchepetsa voliyumu ya ndalama allocated kuti kafukufuku, mosavuta anafotokoza - boma "amapulumutsa" pa sayansi. Koma "ndalama" kokha kumabweretsa backwardness mu chuma cha charo. mabizinesi Private, mwatsoka, si olumikizidwa kwa ndalama ya kafukufuku. Chifukwa china kuchepa lakuthwa mu R & D ndi kuchepetsa ndalama asilikali zolowa, kuphatikizapo kafukufuku asilikali ndi nkhani chitukuko cha mbali yaikulu ya kafukufuku mu nyengo ya Soviet.

Masiku ano, ndi chuma chachikulu popanda sayansi amphamvu zoweta, zimene zingakhale zochokera pa chitukuko zake zapamwamba, osachepera pa madera ena akuluakulu a bwino chitukuko cha dziko kufikira, choncho Concept 2020 adzatenge kuwonjezeka ndalama pa kafukufuku mu 2020 mpaka 3% .