Population kalembera - ndi chiyani ichi? Kalembera woyamba

Chofunika chuma cha boma lililonse - anthu, ndipo chuma chonse muyenera kuganizira. Choncho, kalembera - nkhani zomwe zilipo. Tiuzeni amene anafika woyamba m'maganizo ndi kulilembanso anthu zimene mfundo ndi njira kuchititsa kalembera, kodi mbiri yawo ndi tsogolo Russia.

Lingaliro la kalembera

M'dera lililonse yeniyeni zimadalira anthu ake. Iwo amapereka ndalama wake, koma amafunanso ndalama zowonjezera. Pofuna kukonza bwino pofuna thandizo pa zachuma cha dziko, dera, Mzinda kudziwa mmene anthu ambiri amakhala nawo. Kuchita izi, ndipo pali kalembera wa anthu. Izi ndondomeko mwapadera bungwe kulemba chiwerengero cha anthu. Kalembera limavumbulanso makhalidwe Mkhalidwe wa anthu, umene uli wofunika kwa kasamalidwe zomangamanga ndi ntchito m'derali.

Mbiri ya kalembera mu dziko

Ambiri a ufumu wakale imachitika kalembera woyamba kusonkhanitsa msonkho ndi anthu, komanso mapulani a usilikali. Olamulira ayenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama ntchito ndalama pa munthu, ndipo zimenezi makamaka ikuchitika kuwerengetsera alionse wamwamuna. Misonkho umene mitu ya mabanja, komanso asilikali anakopa abambo okha, choncho kuti awerenge chiwerengero cha anthu kugonana mphamvu anali makamaka pa kalembera woyamba. Mu Rome akale kalembera zonse, pali nthawi zina imachitika "kufufuza" mlingo timapangira: ndi aliyense mu dziko umene ndalama zipembedzo zosiyana, malingana ndi msinkhu komanso jenda. Kuwerengetsa ndalama anasonkhana kulola kutengapo maganizo zochita khalidwe la anthu. Mu Middle Ages, mwambo analembedwa m'buku mlembi kuchuluka kwa misonkho Anthu asonkha ena anapitiriza. Koma anapeza kudziwa chiwerengero cha anthu ankasowa kwambiri. chiwerengero cha mabanja Only kudziwa olamulira pa nthawi imeneyo ndi zofunika. Ndi kukula kwa mafakitale ndi detachment wa anthu kuchokera ku minda unakhala wotchuka mudziwe zambiri pa chiwerengero ndi makhalidwe a anthu. Kalembera umakhala nthawi zonse, ndipo ndi Kuphunzira kwambiri. Development ziwerengero ndi Chaanthu kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti mu 19 m'ma kalembera amayamba imachitika tsiku ndi sayansi. Kalembera woyamba wa mtundu watsopano akuti ndi kalembera Belgium cha 1846. Gawo anthu onse panopa dziko. Pang'onopang'ono, zimenezi yafalikira m'mayiko onse. Masiku ano m'dziko palibe dziko limodzi kumene kamodzi osati kalembera.

Mbiri ya kalembera wa ku Russia

Mu zaka 9-10 akalonga Russian ankachititsanso chonse cha anthu pogwiritsa ntchito yosonkhanitsa misonkho. M'zaka za m'ma 13 Mongolia amene analanda dziko Russian, anali initiators chonse cha mabanja kuwerengera ndalama za misonkho iwo umene madera azigwira. Pambuyo kugwirizana kwa maukulu Russian padziko Moscow anayambitsa mwambo wa kuchititsa mabuku mlembi imene chiwerengero lokhazikika la anthu, midzi, mizinda. Ndiye misonkho unatengedwa, malinga ndi kukula kwa dziko wokwatibwa ndi ulimi. Patsogolo pake podvorovaya file, banja lililonse analembedwa mu bukhu lapadera. Zonse kalembera ku Russia kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 17, ikuchitikira kamodzi mu zaka 30. Pamene Peter Wamkulu anayambitsa ndondomeko ya boma kafukufuku, limene aliyense zaka 20, anayesedwa chiwerengero cha amuna mu dziko. Population kalembera deta anthu ambiri amakonda kuchita, timatha inu kuti maulosi aliyense, kuzindikira dongosolo. Ziwerengero amene sanali molondola akuchokera akukonzekera okhawo anthu amene anatumizidwa msonkho. Anthu mantha audits monga iwo anali limodzi ndi posungira zachiwawa anthu m'malo mwa "kulembetsa", monga ambiri safuna kulipira misonkho anayesa kupeŵa kalembera kupewa kulipira iwo. Pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom kuyesa kupeza anthu m'dzikoli, koma ndithu sikunali kotheka kuti deta. Woyamba ambiri kalembera, omwe ankaona kuti akazi ndi ana, anatenga malo okhawo 1897. kalembera Izi zinachitikadi pa malo atatu ndi kuloledwa mokwanira kuwunika anthu. Anthu osati ndinaganiza, komanso a magulu osiyana, kupempha 14 mafunso osiyana. Kalembera deta processing ndi kufalitsa zotsatira anatenga zaka zingapo.

Kalembera wa nyengo ya Soviet

Zitasintha, boma latsopano anaganiza kuchita kalembera, pozindikira kufunika kwake kwa dziko. Mu 1920 anaganiza kuchita munthawi yomweyo kalembera kalembera ulimi ndi kupanga m'kaundula amakampani. Popeza m'madera ena anali akumenyabe nkhondo, kalembera sichinayambe anazindikira kulikonse. Kuchita mafunso ake ntchito ndi mbali 18, kwenikweni boma latsopano linachititsa maphunziro ndiponso ntchito nzika. Monga kumasulidwa kwa madera kuchita kafukufuku zina ndi zotsatira zomaliza kuperekedwa mu 1921, komwe kunasonyeza kuti anthu dziko ya anthu miliyoni 136,6, amene 15% - .. M'mizinda, ie, Russia boma kwathunthu agrarian.

Mu zaka wotsatira, anthu kalembera unachitikira ku Russia ndi periodicity pafupifupi zaka 10. Mu 1937 izo zinachitikadi wina "mayina" anthu. Ndipo kunapezeka kuti, mosiyana ndi zoyembezereka za chipani, anthu anagwa, ndipo zikuoneka kwambiri, chifukwa zotsatira zake zinali zobisika. A kalembera latsopano imachitika mu 1939. Kenako njira powerenga chiwerengero cha anthu m'dziko chidatha kukhala kofunika kwambiri, ndi kalembera anayamba kucheza zochepa. Palimodzi pa kalembera 7 kunachitidwa la Soviet Union, otsiriza - mu 1989, chimene anthu anthu miliyoni 286,7 mu dziko.

Kalembera wa Russia latsopano

Ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union mu dziko latsopano anali ndi mavuto ambiri, makamaka ndi chikhalidwe chuma, ndi kuti awerenge chiwerengero cha nzika boma Kodi chabe kufika pozungulira. Kalembera woyamba unachitika mu 2002, zomwe zinaonetsa kuti anthu mamiliyoni 145 moyo mu Russia. Kalembera lotsatira mu 2010 mosamala kwambiri anakonza analola kuti awulule osati kokha chiwerengero cha anthu, komanso makhalidwe Mkhalidwe wa anthu. Malinga ndi ziwerengero izi, anthu mamiliyoni 142 moyo mu Russia. Mu 2014, pambuyo analanda dziko la Crimea, kalembera m'dera unachitikira ku New Magawo, amene anasonyeza kuti anthu m'dzikolo chinawonjezeka ndi anthu pafupifupi 2.2 miliyoni.

Zolinga ndi zolinga za kalembera

Awerenge chiwerengero - zimavuta mtengo ndondomeko, n'chifukwa chiyani muyenera izo? Cholinga kalembera wa - ndi generalization deta kotheratu zaziwerengero, chuma ndi khalidwe la anthu. Chiwerengero zonse Kafukufuku kuwulula mphamvu ya zizindikiro zaziwerengero, kudziwa mlingo ndi khalidwe la moyo. Yachokera pa kafukufuku awa, boma amasankha zinthu m'munda wa mfundo chikhalidwe, kumanga Zoneneratu zachuma ndi ndipamene mapulani chitukuko dziko. Ndi zolinga zimenezi angathe kuchitidwa monga ambiri, kapena tsankho kafukufuku Mwachitsanzo, pa ulimi kalembera anthu 2016. Zolinga za maphunziro awa ndi kuwunika chikhalidwe cha zigawo munthu wa chuma ndi dziko. Mu kalembera ndi ntchito ina yofunika - m'mbiri, iwo alembe boma la dziko pa nthawi inayake, ndinu Nkhani wapadera.

Uwerenge Kwina Kulikonse

Kuchokera mawu mosamalitsa sayansi, kalembera - ndi chilengedwe kafukufuku anthu. Komabe, pali mitundu ingapo ya ndondomeko izi. Pa mfundo ya kupeza deta kusiyanitsa kalembera mfundo imene odzazidwa ndi mawu a munthu, ndi kamodzi mlandu, pamene deta anthu achokera m'Baibulo zosiyanasiyana kulembetsa Mwachitsanzo, owona munthu ku ofesi ya pasipoti. Malinga ndi chinthu phunziro akhoza allocated ambiri ndi tsankho kalembera umalimbana poona gawo yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, kalembera ulimi mu 2016 adzakhala pang'ono imachitikanso nthawi amalonda kalembera. Chimake kalembera mitundu ndipo zowerengera, kuti akutumikira zosiyanasiyana ziwalo, monga makomiti achitukuko. chitetezo, maphunziro ndi mabungwe zachipatala.

Mfundo za

Population kalembera - ndi bungwe mogwirizana ndi malamulo ndi mfundo za ntchito mfundo kusonkhana yeniyeni. Pali zinthu zingapo zimene zimapangitsa kalembera woimirira ndi odalirika ndi kulola kupeza cholinga. Kalembera ayenera kukhala:

- Universal, mwachitsanzo kuphimba magulu onse a anthu. Pachikhalidwe m'gulu kalembera wa magulu atatu a anthu: anthu enieni, mwachitsanzo amene panopa m'deralo, anthu malamulo, mwachitsanzo, mulibe zikalata pa pamalowo, nthawi zonse, amene amakhala ku malo amodzi .... miyezi yoposa 6.

- osakwatira gawo - ndondomeko ziyenera kuperekedwa posachedwapa kuphimba otchedwa chifukwa nthawi ndipo tisalole kuti awerenge anthu m'madera angapo nthawi imodzi.

- analinganiza. kalembera imachitika pa bwino bwino cholinga pulogalamu kupereka uthenga mogwirizana ndi odalirika.

- dzina. Kalembera ndikofunikira munthu aliyense alankhule payokha.

- Personal. Mu kalembera deta munthu analandira okha mayankho ake pa mafunso.

Komanso, kalembera akhale centralized unachitika nthawi ndi kusunga mfundo za chinsinsi.

njira

Pali njira zingapo kuti aone anthu. Kalembera anthu nthawi zambiri ikuchitika ndi ulendo, T. E. Pa nyumba anayankha masamba ophunzitsidwa mwapadera anthu ndi mafunso, nudzaza ndi mawu a anthu. Palinso njira mafunso, pamene anafunsidwa anatumizidwa mafunso amene adzaze yekha n'kubwerera ku malo kutolera mfundo. njira ina kukwaniritsa kalembera - kupeza. Pankhaniyi, amene anapereka kubwera mu mfundo mwapadera, ndipo kumeneko kuyankha mafunso a.

Ulimi kalembera 2016

Kamodzi pa zaka 10 kalembera umachitika makamaka Russia - Agriculture. Ndi Cholinga awerenge chiwerengero cha anthu okhala m'madera akumidzi ndi kuchita mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito ulimi. The anakonza kalembera ulimi mu 2016 kuphimba osati anthu amene amakhala m'midzi, komanso eni payekha minda, alimi, wamaluwa, amalonda akumidzi. Cholinga cha chochitika kusonkhanitsa zokhudza zinthu zenizeni mu gawo la ulimi dziko.

kalembera tsogolo

Kalembera otsiriza, ikuchitika Russia mu 2010, anasonyeza kuti m'malo nthawi yambiri ndi kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mtengo. Choncho, boma akumufunsira kugwira kalembera lotsatira mu ntchito Internet. Zinachitikira ena a ku Ulaya limasonyeza kuti zimenezi n'zotheka. Kalembera lotsatira ayenera kuonedwa mu 2020, ndipo nthawi imeneyi akuyembekezeka kukhala mulingo woyenera loponya limagwirira kuti kuphimba aliyense mu dziko. Komanso imatengedwa lamulo kusodza kuti adzapanga nawo mu kalembera lofunika. Masiku ano, pali ndithu ambiri a posungira, amene pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, anakana kuchita nawo kafukufukuyu. Choncho, boma akuyembekezera mungachite kuti kudzipeleka pazipita anthu ndondomekoyi.