Kuzindikira ndi chiyani?

Kuzindikira ndi chiyani? The luso ndi mabuku mawuwa amanena kuti mfundo cholinga anasonyeza mwa njira yeniyeni ndi luso amene chofuna kuchita inayake luso. Kuzindikira, nayenso angathe kukhala a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, malingana ndi njira anasankha kulenga. Mwachitsanzo, kuonetsetsa maphunziro, yapadera, zokomera ndi ena a mtundu Kuzindikira. Pakati pa izi njila ali makhalidwe yake akavalidwe.

M'lingaliro yotakata, Kuzindikira zaluso limanenedwa ngati mtima wa chitukuko cha luso ndi chikhalidwe, omwe akupitiriza okondedwa miyambo ya zojambulajambula. Kuyeza Kuzindikira chobalidwa - malowedwe ake mu chowonadi, ndi chinyezimiro cha mbali zofunika za zochitika tsiku ndi tsiku mu mawonekedwe luso.

Kumvetsetsa zimene amawaganizira, izo zamveka ndi tanthauzo zapadera mawu. Malinga ndi iye, ndi kalembedwe luso kuti anatuluka mu kufufuza choonadi. Sikufotokoza bwino ndi bwino mbali yake yaikulu angapezeke mu Kuzindikira yovuta kwa m'ma XIX ndi Kuzindikira zokomera zaka mazana makumi awiri. Mwanjira imeneyi, Kuzindikira wakhala akufufuza umunthu, ubwenzi wake ndi anthu, chuma chawo, ena zinthu zina. Tisaiwale kuti choonadi cha maganizo ali mawonetseredwe osiyana mu Mitundu osiyana ndi mitundu luso.

Kuzindikira ndi siyanitsa ndi zina zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, naturalism amanga pa kufanana zachiphamaso popanda okhudza njira zakuya za chowonadi, ndi maganizo umboni akufotokoza chowonadi molondola, powasamalira yekha kuti akamanena za katunduyo chinthu kapena chodabwitsa. Art luso tanthauzo la Kuzindikira n'zogwirizana ndi muyeso wa kugwilizana ndi mawonekedwe wasankhidwa kuti mawu a mfundo inayake ya Mlengi.

Kuzindikira ndi chiyani? Pakati pa mbali wamba njira - olondola mu kubalana wa zochitika, zochitika ndi zinthu. Ngakhale uno, luso muli zosiyanasiyana kuphunzira ndi chifaniziro cha chowonadi. Umboni wa zimenezi adzakhala mndandanda wa mayina a ojambula zithunzi wotchuka, olemba ndi amisiri ena amene ali wapadera mu njira anasankha kulenga. Onse a iwo, kuchokera Rembrandt kuti Repin, kutsimikizira kuti mwayi zimathandizadi ndi amazipanga lonse zosiyanasiyana.

Mu luso zithunzi chizindikiro cha Kuzindikira - pamtima chifanizo cha moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kukula kwa kukuchititsa zimenezi chifukwa ntchito ya ambuye wa Choonadi omwe anatsutsa kuti chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia anali Wanderers, amene ankagwira ntchito kukhazikitsa malo a Kuzindikira mwa zojambula mbiri ndi mtundu wanyimbo kupenta, malo ndi chithunzi.

Nthawi zambiri kuoneka ngati wosiyana Romanticism, amene oimira anafunsidwa kuti akonze zenizeni latsopano.

Tili Kuzindikira, umene unachitika mu luso la mayiko ambiri European ndi United States, motsogozedwa ndi chifaniziro cha moyo wa strata m'munsi mwa anthu, chitsutso cha moyo wolemera osauka, chisoni akumane tsogolo wochotseka. Russian yovuta Kuzindikira kunakopa mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, ophatikizidwa mu sewerolo Fedotov, amisiri Ilya Repin, Ivan Kramskoy, ndi ena ambiri. Mutu waukulu mu ntchito ya kanjedza awa anali kutsutsa zinthu zopanda chilungamo cikhalidwe.

Wina mawonetseredwe - Socialist Kuzindikira (1930 - 1980). Amaona waukulu luso malangizo pa luso la Soviet Union. Cholinga cha Kuzindikira chikhalidwe anali kunena zolinga zokomera, zithunzi ubale watsopano chikhalidwe ndi anthu amene amachita nawo iwo. Chovuta pulogalamu umenewu zochokera pokweza ulimi ndi atsogoleri awo, kumanga sosholisimu ndi Soviet mfundo.

Kenako luso Kuzindikira m'mayiko osiyanasiyana tikhale makhalidwe dziko, ndi mwa kuwonekera zosiyanasiyana ndi malangizo. Kutheka njira zimathandizadi ndi yosiyanasiyana ndi yotakata, koma ali ndi malire, zomwe kukuchepetsa iwo. Monga njira kwathunthu kwa Kuzindikira kulenga chogwidwa m'zaka zapitazi, koma lero ali kulimbana ndi zilakolako zimenezo zimene kuchepetsa chitukuko. Choncho, funso zimene Kuzindikira, akhoza kukhala yankho kuposa wina, monga lingaliro ili ndi zovuta ndi m'zigawozigawo.