Phosphorus mu thupi: mtengo, zimakhudza

Sayansi - zamoyo zimene amaphunzira mipweya ya maselo munthu ndi chamoyo wonse. Amadziwika kuti pafupifupi 98% ya nkhani selo komanso Mpweya, asafe ndi wa hydrogen. mankhwala amenewa amachedwa organogenic. 1.8% ndi potassium sodium, magnesium, chlorine ndi phosphorous. Anthu ali mbali ya salt mchere ndi kukhala ndi mtundu wa ayoni yosavuta kapena zovuta, kupereka njira yachibadwa mosiyanasiyana kagayidwe. Mwachitsanzo, pawiri yaikulu ya maselo udindo kulanda makhalidwe majini - zidulo mkati - akupanga anions ndi anions asidi phosphoric.

The ATP molekyulu omwe mapulogalamu selo mphamvu mulinso phosphorous ayoni. M'nkhaniyi, ife azipereka zitsanzo kutsimikizira udindo wa phosphorous mu thupi la munthu ndi zotsatira zake pa kagayidwe lapansi.

Covalent kumalo ozizira msinga ndi phindu

Maziko kapangidwe ka zinthu organic amapanga kanthu moyo, ndi luso la tinthu kupanga mtundu winawake wa mankhwala muzikondana. Njirayi imatchedwa covalent kumalo ozizira ndi akuwuka pakati pa maatomu nonmetal, ndiyo makhalidwe a mankhwala. Sayansi, kuphunzira kapangidwe ka tinthu zinthu mu chomera maselo, bowa, nyama, anapereka mankhwala awo zikuchokera. Kunapezeka kuti, kupatula asafe, mpweya, mpweya, ndi iwo ali phosphorous. Anthu, si anapezeka m'chigawo free, chifukwa kwambiri poizoni. Choncho, zamoyo amafotokozera ali mawonekedwe a anions meta-, ortho- kapena asidi pyrophosphoric, amene angathe kupanga kumangidwa ndi cations zitsulo. Kodi zinthu akhoza kuthana ndi maselo?

Phosphorus mu maselo organic

Mapuloteni chigoba dongosolo, mahomoni, mavitamini, ndi lipids kupanga phosphorous-munali zovuta ayoni mankhwala zovuta. Anthu pali zovuta mankhwala - ndi phospholipids fosfoproteidy, amapanga mamolekyulu zinthu biologically yogwira - michere ndi mankhwala. Kumalo ozizira covalent nsinga mu DNA ndi RNA nucleotides kulola mapangidwe kumangidwa phosphodiester maunyolo mkati acid. Chifukwa kufunika phosphorous mu thupi nanga ntchito zake mu kagayidwe? Choyamba tiyeni tikambirane nkhaniyo mlingo ma ya gulu.

Place phosphorous mu zikuchokera elemental maselo

Malinga ndi zomwe zili mu cytoplasm ndi organelles (0.2-1%), si zitsulo ndi m'malo wachinayi pambuyo zinthu organogenic. Ambiri zimalimbikitsa locomotor phosphorous mankhwala maselo - osteocytes, mano minofu mankhwala - dentin. Wamkulu amanena mu manyuroni ndi glia, amene amapanga wamanjenje dongosolo. Phosphorus maatomu ali mapuloteni Kakhungu, zidulo mkati ndi zinthu mphamvu - adenosine triphosphate ATP ndi kuchepetsedwa mawonekedwe nikotinamiddinukleotidfosfata - NADP × H _2. Pamene tikuona mu phosphorous thupi zimapezeka mu nyumba zonse yofunika: maselo, zimakhala ka thupi.

Amadziwika kuti mlingo wa homeostasis selo, lofunyululalo zamoyo zimadalira ambiri ayoni zosiyanasiyana madzimadzi intercellular ndi hyaloplasm. ndi ntchito ya phosphorous mu yokonza zonse chilengedwe mkati mwa thupi la munthu ndi chiyani?

Dongosolo gawo lotetezedwa

Chifukwa chuma kudzera lakunja Kakhungu semipermeable mu selo zonse wolandira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, mkulu ndende zingathe kusokoneza ntchito yake. Kuti n'chongoletsa ndi owonjezera ayoni poizoni, ndi cytoplasm, pamodzi ndi cations sodium, potaziyamu, calcium, lili zatsalira acidic carbonate, sulfite, ndi zidulo phosphoric. Iwo amatha kuchita ndi owonjezera ayoni anagwira mu khola, ndi kulamulira kugwirizana kwa nkhani okhudza maselo ambiri. Dongosolo gawo lotetezedwa kupatula ayoni zidulo ofooka, kwenikweni monga anions HPO ₄ ^2- ndi H ₂ PO ₄ ^- munali phosphorous. Mu anthu, wapangidwa ndi dongosolo gawo lotetezedwa amapereka njira physiologically yachibadwa mosiyanasiyana kagayidwe kachakudya pa mlingo ma.

phosphorylation zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni

The akuwaza mankhwala organic muchipindachi amatchedwa aerobic kupuma. Kudzachita - ndi mitochondria. Pa makutu mkati - cristae organelles - ili michere maofesi. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo ATPase limapangidwa molekuly- elekitironi zonyamulira. Chifukwa zochita catalyzed ndi michere ku ADP ndi ufulu asidi phosphoric mamolekyulu apanga ATP - chilengedwe maselo mphamvu wothandizila chimadyedwa kubalana awo, kukula, zoyenda. mapangidwe ake akhoza ankaimira mu chosavuta chiwembu anachita: F = ADP + ATP. Ndiye mamolekyulu adenosinetriphosphate kudziunjikira mu cytoplasm lapansi. Akutumikira monga gwero la mphamvu ntchito makina Mwachitsanzo, mu dongosolo akulu, ndi zochita za kuwombola pulasitiki. Choncho, phosphorous mu thupi ndi mbali yaikulu mu kagayidwe mphamvu.

nsinga Phosphodiester chibadwa mamolekyulu

Mkulu atomiki zili phosphorous wolembedwa mu phata khungu, kukhala mbali ya chiwalo cha zidulo mkati. Anatsegula m'zaka 19 Swiss wasayansi F. Miescher, ali biopolymers wapangidwa monomers ndi - nucleotides. Phosphorus alipo onse mu purine ndi pyrimidine zapansi, ndi maulalo kupanga unyolo RNA ndi superhelix DNA. The monomers wa zidulo mkati angathe kupanga dongosolo polima ndi kutuluka nsinga covalent pakati zatsalira pentose acid phosphoric atagona nucleotides pafupi. Iwo amatchedwa phosphodiester. Kunyoza DNA ndi RNA mamolekyulu kunachitika maselo a anthu ongoyendayenda cheza molimba Popanga madzi a gamma kapena poizoni chifukwa m'mimba chifukwa chotupa cha kumangidwa phosphodiester. Zimadzetsa kuonongeka kwa selo imfa.

nembanemba kwachilengedwenso

Kapangidwe liwulo ndi nkhani mkati mwa selo, ndipo wapangidwa ndi phosphorous. Anthu mpaka 40% mwa kulemera youma imagwera pa mankhwala okhala ndi phospholipids ndi fosfoproteidy. Iwo ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za wosanjikiza Kakhungu, imene palinso zinthu monga mapuloteni ndi chakudya. Mkulu phosphorous okhutira lililonse kwa neurocytes chipolopolo ndi njira - dendrites ndi axon. Phospholipids nembanemba kupereka plasticity, ndipo chifukwa mamolekyulu ndi mafuta ndi mphamvu. Iwo ndi mbali ya atumiki chachiwiri - kusonyeza mamolekyulu amene activators mapulotini effector nawo kugula mitsempha.

zopangitsa Parathyroid ndi udindo wawo kagayidwe phosphorous

Similar mtola atagona lobes onse a chithokomiro England ndi kukhala kulemera kwa 0.5-0.8 ga lililonse, ndi England parathyroid kuti secrete timadzi parathyroid. Ndi nthawi kufotokoza zinthu monga kashiamu ndi phosphorous mu thupi. ntchito ndi monga zotsatira zawo pa osteoblasts ndi osteocytes - maselo fupa, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi timadzi anayamba secrete mchere asidi phosphoric mu madzimadzi extracellular. Pamene hyperfunction wa zopangitsa parathyroid a mafupa a anthu kutaya mphamvu, iodzafewa ndipo kuphwanyaphwanya, ndi phosphorous okhutitsidwa iwo amachepetsa yokhudza ufiti. Panthawi imeneyi, ndi chiopsezo fractures a msana, mafupa a chiuno ndi m'chiuno, kusokoneza moyo wa wodwala kuchuluka. Imodzi, kuchuluka kwa calcium. Zimenezi zimabweretsa hypercalcemia ndi zizindikiro za misempha zotumphukira ndi kugwa kwa chigoba minofu kamvekedwe. PTH amachita pa impso, kuchepetsa reabsorption phosphorous salt ku mkodzo chachikulu. Kuwonjezeka zili mankwala mu minofu impso amachititsa hyperphosphaturia ndi kakyulasi mapangidwe.

Mchere zikuchokera minofu fupa

Kuuma, mphamvu ndi elasticity a dongosolo thandizo zimadalira mipweya ya maselo fupa. Osteocytes ali ngati mankhwala organic, mwachitsanzo ossein mapuloteni, ndi zinthu zochita kupanga munali mankwala salt kashiamu ndi magnesium. Ndi zaka, munthu zigawo zikuluzikulu mchere monga hydroxylapatite mu osteocytes ndipo ukuwonjezeka osteoblasts. Nthenda fupa mineralization, kudzikundikira salt kashiamu ndi phosphorous owonjezera m'thupi kumayambitsa imfa ya elasticity ndi kulimba kwa mafupa, kotero anthu okalamba nthawi zambiri amakhala pa chiopsezo kuvulala ndi fractures.

Kutembenuka kwa mankhwala phosphorous mu thupi

Yaikulu m'mimba England mu thupi - chiwindi - wachita otsogolera mu zochita kuwombola wa mankhwala phosphorous munali. Parathyroid timadzi ndi vitamini D zachititsanso kuti pasukuluyi. Lamulo pa tsiku kwa mchitidwe wamkulu 1,0-2, 0 magalamu, ana ndi achinyamata - 2.5 Phosphorus mu mawonekedwe a salt mosavuta zidyeke komanso maofesi ndi mapuloteni ndi chakudya m'thupi la munthu adza kwa chakudya.

Iwo ali ozadzidwa ndi cha mbewu ya mpendadzuwa, dzungu, hemp. Mu zakudya chiyambi nyama phosphorous kwambiri chiwindi nkhuku, ng'ombe, zovuta tchizi, nsomba. Owonjezera phosphorous mu thupi ungabweretse matenda reabsorbtsionnoy ntchito aimpso, mavitamini bongo, akusowa kashiamu mu zakudya. Zotsatira zoipa phosphorous pa thupi la munthu kwenikweni akuwonetseredwa mu chotupa cha mtima dongosolo, impso ndi fupa zida ndi kungasonyeze matenda kagayidwe kachakudya kwambiri.