Pedagogy - ndi ... Science pedagogy. pedagogy Social. mavuto pedagogy

History of Education inayambira akutali zapitazi. Pamodzi ndi anthu oyamba anawonekera maphunziro, koma sayansi ya ndondomeko ya mapangidwe adzadziwire wakhala anapanga patapita nthawi yaitali. Chimayambitsa pakutchulidwa ya nthambi ya sayansi yotchedwa zofunika pa moyo. Pamene kufunika zambiri zimene zinachitikira maphunziro ndi kulenga wapadera maphunziro ndi yodziimirira kuphunzitsa achinyamata anayamba kutuluka monga pedagogy osiyana. Izi zimatanthauza intensification wa ndondomeko ya kusakonda ndi ongolankhula anayamba kukonza ana kwa ufulu mwa anthu. Mtengo pazipita makolo poyamba Ufumuyo yekha mu mayiko ambiri anayamba - China, Greece, Egypt ndi India.

Posachedwa Komanso anatha kupeza kuti anthu akufotokozera pang'onopang'ono kapena mofulumira malingana mlingo pa zomwe ndi maphunziro a achinyamata.

Kwambiri zopereka. amakedzana

Nzeru za Agiriki akale otchedwa chopunthira cha machitidwe onse maphunziro European. nthumwi zake yowala - ndi Democritus. Iye ananena kuti kufanana kwa maphunziro ndi chirengedwe, kukangana kuti maphunziro rearranges munthu, potero yosintha kuzungulira dziko.

Science pedagogy wakhala inakulitsidwa mwa ntchito za Socrates, Aristotle ndi Plato. Iwo akhala kukhala ndi maganizo zofunika kwambiri ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi mapangidwe umunthu.

Chipatso cha Agiriki ndi Aroma ganizo maphunziro chinali ntchito ya "Education wokamba". Mlembi wake - Mark Faby Quintilian, wafilosofi Roma.

Ages Middle

Nthawi imeneyi, Mpingo ankachita nawo monopolization moyo wauzimu wa anthu ndi malangizo a maphunziro mu zikuluzikulu yekha achipembedzo. chitukuko pedagogic zinachitika kutali osati mofulumira monga mwa masiku amakedzana. Panali zaka zakubadwa kupeza mfundo inviolable chiphunzitso motsimikiza, amene analipo ku Ulaya pafupifupi khumi zaka zambiri. chiphunzitso Pedagogical pafupifupi sunayambe, ngakhale khama akatswiri ŵakusanga monga Augustine, Tertullian, Aquinas.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano

nthawi ili yodziwika monga bwino kwambiri pa chitukuko cha pedagogy, osati Ages Middle. Munthu wotereyu ntchito za nambala ya aphunzitsi zaumunthu - Fransua Rable, Erasmus, Vittorino da Feltre, Michel Montaigne ndi ena.

Science pedagogy wosiyana nzeru mwa ntchito za Yana Amosa Komeniasi (Czech Republic). The chifukwa cha ntchito yake - "Great didactics" - imodzi mwa ntchito woyamba sayansi ndi maphunziro. Amathandiza kwambiri chitukuko cha sayansi anapanga, ndipo Dzhon Lokk. Mu "Ena Maganizo Ponena Education," iye anafotokoza maganizo ake pa nkhani yokhala njonda woona - munthu amene ali olimba mtima komanso kuphatikiza maphunziro kwambiri makhalidwe a akatswiri, kulimba maganizo kukongola a ulemu.

nthawi yatsopano

History of Education sizikanakhala kwathunthu popanda mayina a zoterozo odziwika Western Choonadi, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot, Adolf Disterveg, Johann Friedrich Herbart ndi Iogann Genrih Pestalotstsi.

Russian pedagogy ali atatchuka zikomo padziko lonse Konstantinu Dmitrievichu Ushinskomu. Uyamiko kwa Iye, panali kusintha kwenikweni mu chiphunzitso ndi mchitidwe wa sayansi ku funso. Iye ananena kuti cholinga cha maphunziro ndi kukonzekera moyo ntchito, osati chimwemwe.

Ndithu chikoka pa zomwe pedagogy anali Edvard Torndayk ndi Dzhon Dyui, Maria Montessori ndi Bendzhamin Spok, Krupskaya ndi Wentzel, Makarenko ndi Sukhomlinsky ndi Danilov.

udindo Current

M'zaka zapitazi, patsogolo kwambiri wakhala akwaniritsa mu madera angapo a pedagogy, ndipo woyamba wa zonse ntchito pa umisiri watsopano chisanadze sukulu ndi maphunziro a m'sukulu za pulayimale. Mkhalidwe apadera mapulogalamu kuchepetsa kuphunzira ndi potero iyende bwino ndi mphamvu m'munsi zolowa ndi nthawi.

Modern pedagogy amalembedwa ntchito yogwira pa chilengedwe cha sukulu kukopera, kufufuza ndi kupanga zipangizo ndi malo experimental. Maphunziro ndi maphunziro zachokera a anthu mfundo umunthu zochokera. Komabe, maphunziro - ndi sayansi, imene mpaka alibe umodzi wamba view pa momwe izo ziyenera kugwirira ntchito ndi achinyamata. Osati m'ma munthu azikhala awiri njira chosiyana. Malinga woyamba, muyenera kuphunzitsa ana kumvera ndi mantha. Malinga ndi wachiwiri - ndi chikondi ndi kukoma mtima. Pankhaniyi, ngati moyo ndi imodzi mwa njira akhala m'gulu anakana iye anangonena unatha. Imeneyi, mavuto waukulu zimachitika pedagogy, ndi yankho lenileni la funso mmene zinthu, sizinapezekebe. Nthawi zina phindu pazipita kwa anthu a kubweretsa anthu anakula motsatira malamulo okhwima, ndipo nthawizina - wanzeru, woleza mtima ndi wachifundo. Pa yomweyo authoritarian njira ntchito ndi ana pali bwino sayansi. Malinga NGATI Herbart, ana chibadwire chibadidwe "akuseŵera bwinobwino pake", nchifukwa chake maphunziro okha kusalekerera zingabweretse zotsatira chogwirika. Njira yaikulu anaitana kuopseza chilango, zoletsa ndi kuyang'aniridwa.

Zionetsero ndi mtundu uwu wa chikoka pa munthu panali chiphunzitso cha maphunziro aulere. Mlembi wake - JJ Rousseau. Zhan Zhak iyeyekha ndi omutsatira ake kulimbikitsa kulemekeza ana ndi yotithandiza ndondomeko awo achilengedwe chitukuko. Choncho, watsopano malangizo - Mchitidwe pedagogy. Ndi dongosolo mfundo za sayansi. Iwo anapereka udindo wa ana ofanana, amazindikira, ndi ophunzira yogwira mu ndondomeko maphunziro.

Kodi kudziwa mlingo wa humanization za ndondomeko maphunziro? Zimadalira m'mene kwathunthu anapereka preconditions kwa munthu kudziona kuzindikira.

Ndizosowa pedagogy. Sankhani chinthu, phunziro, zolinga ndi ntchito za sayansi

Chinthu pedagogy - payekha, amene akufotokozera mu njira ubale maphunziro. Akatswiri ndiribe kubwera kuuzidwa kuti ndi phunziro la sayansi ku funso. Pano pali maganizo a olemba osiyana: Pedagogy nkhani - ndi maphunziro a munthu monga mbali yapadera ya anthu (Kharlamov); malamulo cholinga cha makamaka ndondomeko mbiri ya maphunziro (Likhachev); maphunziro, kuphunzira, maphunziro, kulenga chitukuko ndi socialization wa munthu (Andreev).

Magwero a chitukuko sayansi

- Experience zochokera kalekale kumapeto, maphunziro, idaluma moyo, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo.

- Zokambirana za nzeru ena, asayansi chikhalidwe, akatswiri a maganizo ndi aphunzitsi.

- Mfundo za mchitidwe panopa maphunziro.

- deta maphunziro mwapadera-cholinga.

- Ulendo wa aphunzitsi-innovators, kukhala dongosolo choyambirira ndi maganizo maphunziro.

ntchito

Ankaona sayansi lakonzedwa patsogolo kafukufuku ndi cholinga cha kuchuluka kwa katundu wa zikuchitika, atulukira ndi kumanga zitsanzo za maphunziro ndi maphunziro. Izi mavuto sayansi. Monga momwe othandiza kuti mwa iwo maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa ophunzira. Komanso, ntchito anawagawa kanthawi mpaka kalekale. Zoyambazo monga gulu la malaibulale, mabuku a pakompyuta, ntchito pedagogical mfundo akatswiri a Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa stressors zikuluzikulu mu ntchito ya mphunzitsi, ndi didactic maphunziro m'munsi chitukuko anthu wodwaladwala chitukuko cha umisiri wotsogola ndiponso kuphunzitsa aphunzitsi m'tsogolo, etc. Mwa ntchito okhazikika ndi zotsatirazi: chizindikiritso cha dongosolo m'munda wa maphunziro, maphunziro, maphunziro, kasamalidwe maphunziro ndi maphunziro; kuphunzira zinachitikira ntchito pedagogical; ntchito njira zatsopano, mitundu, zikutanthauza, maphunziro ndi maphunziro kachitidwe; Kuneneratu kusinthika mu ndondomeko maphunziro posachedwapa ndipo lakutali; kukhazikitsa zotsatira analandira mu njira ya kafukufuku ntchito.

ntchito

Pedagogy - sayansi, yomwe n'chofunika kuti kukhazikitsa onse ntchito yophunzitsa ndi maphunziro pa mulingo sayansi ndi ongolankhula. Taganizirani ntchito mlingo ongolankhula:

- ofotokozera. Ndi kufotokoza chiphunzitso cha mfundo, zochitika ndi njira, komanso kufotokoza kodi zinthu ndi chifukwa chake ndondomeko ya maphunziro kudzachitika mu njira yotero ndipo sakanachita.

- matenda. Ndi kukhazikitsa udindo wa zochitika zina pedagogical, dzuwa ntchito za mphunzitsi ndi ana asukulu, komanso kudziwa chifukwa cha kuonetsetsa bwino.

- Predictive. Ndi evidentiary Poyembekezera kuphunzitsa ndi ntchito yophunzitsa, womwenso zinthu zonse ongolankhula ndi othandiza.

Pankhani mlingo zamakono, pali ntchito zotsatirazi:

- projective zokhudza chitukuko cha methodical m'munsi (milozo, malangizo, mapulani ndi mapulogalamu).

- Yosintha umalimbana oyamba athandizapo anthu pedagogy maphunziro ndi makhalidwe maphunziro ndi view bwino ake ndipo kusinthika.

- reflexive ndi kusintha, yokhudza ziyenera a zotsatira za kafukufuku pa kuchita zimene.

- analeredwa ndi maphunziro, anazindikira mwa maphunziro, maphunziro ndi chitukuko munthu.

Malamulo ndiponso mfundo zofunika za pedagogy

Science angatchedwe okhwima kokha pamene limatifotokozera akamanena za zochita pazipita chododometsa ndipo amatha kulosera za kusintha m'munda ndi zochitika ndi chofunikira.

Mu zochitika kumaphatikizapo zochitika zapadera kapena njira katundu amene kufotokoza mbali kunja zenizeni ndi mawonekedwe kuli chinthu ena. Otsiriza, nayenso, ndi kuika ubale, kugwirizana kwambiri ndi malamulo zoweta kukhazikitsa makhalidwe ndi zochita za chitukuko cha machitidwe zakuthupi.

Popanda kusanthula ongolankhula mfundo, malamulo a pedagogy sikutheka kulinganiza bwino kumapeto maphunziro ndi pedagogical. Panopa, pali malamulo awa a sayansi mu funso:

- mgwirizano ndi kukhulupirika kwa ndondomeko maphunziro.

- The ubale wa zigawo zikuluzikulu ongolankhula ndi othandiza.

- kukhala maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa.

- chikhalidwe imatsogoleredwa zolinga.

Monga imanenera VI Andreev mfundo pedagogical ndi imodzi mwa magulu a sayansi, akupereka maziko a malamulo, zochokera dongosolo anakhazikitsa ndi zimaonetsa njira zothetsera mavuto pedagogical wa kalasi ina. Malinga ndi PI Pidkasistyĭ, pedagogical mfundo - ndi mfundo zofunika, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti ndondomeko ya zochita m'lingaliro mosalekeza, ndipo osati kwa wina.

- Mfundo chikumbumtima ndipo ntchito ya munthu mu kuphunzira zachokera kuzindikira kuti kuphunzira udzakhala wogwira mtima ndi nawo yogwira ophunzira zinthu kuphunzira.

- Mfundo ya maphunziro mwadongosolo potengera dongosolo makamaka chiphunzitso ndi maphunziro, amene nyumba zakuthupi, potengera ndi zotsatira ndi maulalo makolo ndi udindo wa kulekana wa payekha ndi wamba.

- Kutsatira mfundo za kugwirizana, aphunzitsi kupereka ophunzira mphamvu ya maganizo pantchito ku kudziwika kwa zosadziwika, ku losavuta kumvetsa, etc.

- Malinga ndi mfundo za kupezeka kwa maphunziro, kusankha zipangizo zophunzitsira zachokera chiŵerengero mulingo woyenera ndimasewera ndi kuvuta, komanso mfundo za zaka ophunzira ndi msinkhu wawo zochita zopindulitsa ndiponso maganizo.

- Pa mfundo zili sayansi zipangizo anaphunzira ayenera kukhala bwino chiphunzitsochi, cholinga mfundo ndi malamulo.

Pedagogy malamulo - malangizo pa nkhani yeniyeni kulangiza ndi kuphunzitsa. Zotsatirazi iwo amaonetsetsa mapangidwe machenjerero mulingo woyenera kanthu ndipo kumapangitsa Mwachangu kuthetseratu mitundu yonse ya mavuto pedagogical.

Osiyana pedagogical ulamuliro angatchedwe wapatali ngati moyenerera pamodzi zina kumvera kapena mfundo zimenezo. Mwachitsanzo, pofuna kukhazikitsa mfundo ntchito ndi kutsitsimuka kwa mphunzitsi tikulimbikitsidwa kuti azitsatira malamulo otsatirawa:

- amamvetsera kufotokoza zolinga za zochitika zina za mtsogolo;

- kuchita mapangidwe zolinga za ana ndi kumanga pa zofuna zawo;

- amatchula yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale ndi zinachitikira moyo wa ana asukulu;

- kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo fanizo kusonyeza zinthu zatsopano;

- kuona kuti mawu onse anali bwino bwino.

mfundo Pedagogical - izo malamulo ntchito za mphunzitsi ndi kumachita monga dongosolo chidziwitso ngati mediating ndi mgwirizano pakati anakhazikitsa dziko-anthu m'munda wa maphunziro ndi mphunzitsi ntchito. Iwo anapanga mbiri yakale ndipo anakakonza monga mawonekedwe a chikumbumtima chikhalidwe.

Nthambi ndi Ndime

Mu chitukuko cha sayansi aliyense chikukwera maziko ake ongolankhula, amalandira zili zatsopano ndi amapanga ndi zosiyanasiyana mkati mwa malo ofunika kwambiri a kafukufuku. Lero, mfundo "pedagogy" amatanthauza dongosolo lonse la sayansi:

- General Pedagogy. chilango chimenechi ndi maziko. Wakhala akufufuza malamulo zoyamba za maphunziro, osauka ndizosowa njira kuphunzira mu sukulu za mitundu yonse. chilango ndi chiyambi mu ntchito pophunzitsa, mfundo, didactics, maphunziro, chiphunzitso kulamulira, njira, pedagogy, nzeru ndi mbiri ya maphunziro.

- Age pedagogy umalimbana kuphunzira zinthu payekha maphunziro pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana zaka. Malinga anayerekezera zimene kusiyanitsa perinatal, nazale, sukulu pedagogy, ndi sekondale, maphunziro ntchito ndi sekondale, kuphunzitsa sekondale ndipo pedagogy androgogics instar lachitatu.

- pedagogy Special akufotokozera ongolankhula maziko, mfundo, njira, maonekedwe ndi njira maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa anthu ndi mkhutu chitukuko thupi ndi m'maganizo. Mamembala ake ndi zigawo monga surdo-, tiflo-, Correctional pedagogics.

- Chifukwa cha pedagogy akatswiri anapanga maziko ongolankhula ndi chitukuko cha mfundo za maphunziro ndi maphunziro a munthu chinkhoswe mu dera la ntchito. Malinga munda yeniyeni zimatulutsa mafakitale, nkhondo, zomangamanga, zachipatala, masewera ndi pedagogy asilikali.

- pedagogy Social. chilango ichi chakhala kuphunzira malamulo ndisanakhalepo chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro a ana. pedagogy Social zikuphatikizapo zochitika zothandiza ndi ongolankhula m'munda wa onse sukulu ndi maphunziro a ana ndi akulu omwe.

- Ntchito umathandizanso maphunziro - dongosolo zomangamanga maphunziro maphunziro ndi ndondomeko maphunziro ndi ophunzira chofooka kapena matenda.

- pedagogy Gender akulingalira njira kulenga chilengedwe yabwino ana kusukulu ndi njira kuthetsa mavuto a socialization.

- Ethnopedagogics kuzindikira dongosolo ndi makhalidwe a maphunziro dziko ndi mitundu pamaziko a pofukula, ethnographic, ethno-zinenero sociological njira.

- Mwa mfundo kulera anayamba dongosolo la maphunziro ndi angamulerere ana m'banjamo.

- The ntchito poyerekeza maphunziro - phunziro Pantchito za chitukuko ndi kugwira ntchito kwa maphunziro ndi maphunziro a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

- kukonza ntchito pedagogy theoretically cholakwika options reeducation wa anthu m'ndende.

ubwenzi wabwino

Psychology mu pedagogy ntchito pofotokoza, kutanthauzira ndi bungwe mfundo. Komanso, sayansi amenewa umakhudza Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa kuti mudziwe maganizo ndi thupi chitukuko cha ulamuliro zimagwirira ophunzira n'kofunika kuganizira Pantchito za ntchito zamoyo. The ubale kwambiri anakhazikitsa pakati pedagogy ndi zachuma. Yotsirizira amatha kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha maphunziro a anthu a. Pankhaniyi, kachitidwe ka miyeso zachuma ndi mphamvu kapena zotsatira ochepetsera pa kufunika kwa kupeza zinthu zatsopano, ndipo nthawi imeneyi komanso amaganizira pedagogy. Maphunziro monga kachitidwe kufunika zonse kukondoweza zachuma.

malo okhazikika

Pakali pano, palibe munthu wokhumba kukayikira udindo sayansi pedagogy. Ndizovomereka kuti cholinga chake ndicho chidziwitso cha malamulo a maphunziro maphunziro ndi mapangidwe anthu pa mfundo imeneyi kudziwa njira yabwino kukwaniritsa zolinga za kuchita zimene. Ofufuza ambiri, sayansi ndi njira muyezo wa gawo ongolankhula (axioms mfundo malamulo, nkhani za pedagogy) ndi zothandiza (zipangizo zamakono, njira, njira).

Institute Research

Mu Russia, chitukuko cha pedagogy akhala tcheru. Kuti kusintha sayansi mu USSR, mabungwe kafukufuku ziwiri zinatsegulidwa. Woyamba unakhala kuchokera 1924 mpaka 1939-TH chaka. Izi ndi Institute National ya Scientific Pedagogy. Inali pa Fontanka embankment.

The Institute Research wa Education, unakhazikitsidwa mu 1948, wachita mbiri ndi chiphunzitso, komanso njira zosiyanasiyana zophunzitsira. Mu 1969 izo lidzasinthidwa ambiri wamkulu anayambitsa maphunziro.

nalo aphunzitsi

magawo Mchitidwe wa ntchito yophunzitsa - chinachake pa ozikidwa pa pedagogy ano. Mitu ya kafukufuku wa sayansi ikuchitika m'dera lino pothandiza aphunzitsi kulemba kusiyana wochenjeza anthu ndi bwino, mfundo ndi ganizoli. Mphunzitsi ano tiyenera kuyesetsa kuthetsa mipata awa ndi kusintha, kupanga bwino maganizo kukhalanso kwa kutengerapo bwino kudziwa kuti ophunzira bwino ntchito yophunzitsa.