Organic kapena mchere pawiri. Gulu la mankhwala organic

Mankhwala wopangidwa mwa zigawo ziwiri kapena zambiri, ndi zovuta organic kapena zochita kupanga pawiri. Malinga Chalk ndi anatsimikiza ndi makhalidwe ake, zikuchokera ndi zizindikiro zina. The mankhwala alipo malo lalikulu zedi. Ena mwa iwo ndi zotsatira zopindulitsa, ndi ena - wokondwa oopsa zamoyo. The mankhwala mchere alipo mu chikhalidwe zochita kupanga. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka monga sulfure, graphite, mchenga ndi zina. Pali zinthu zingapo, amene anafotokozedwa ndi organic kapena mchere pawiri.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Mawu akuti "pawiri organic" chaonekera magawo oyambirira a chitukuko cha sayansi ndi mankhwala. kalasi Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu zomwe alipo mu zikuchokera mpweya (kupatulapo cyanides carbonic asidi, carbides, carbonates, mpweya monoxide). Pa nthawi imene chogwidwa ndi kaonedwe vitalistic, anapitiriza mwambo wa Aristotle ndi Pliny Wamkulu pa nsoka wa dziko lonse pa zopanda moyo ndi zinthu zamoyo anapambulwa malingana ndi zomwe ufumu iwo anali: nyama ndi masamba kapena mchere. Komanso, ankaona kuti kaphatikizidwe wa choyamba chofunika wapadera "mphamvu ya moyo." Pa nkhani imeneyi, anakonza kuchokera mankhwala zochita kupanga organic kunali kosatheka. Komabe, kopanda izi anatsutsa mu 1828 ndi Wohler. Iye apanga zochita kupanga ammonium cyanate organic urea. Anati kulekana Komabe, ukupezeka terminology a nthawi ino. Zimene i anatsimikiza ndi organic kapena mchere pawiri? About lino nkhaniyi.

mwachidule

The kalasi yaikulu ya mankhwala organic amaonedwa lero. Imene inalipo panopa kuposa miliyoni khumi. Chotero zobwezedwa ndi amayamba kupanga chuma chapadera unyolo mpweya atomu. Zimenezi, ndi chifukwa mtendere kulankhulana. Kaboni mpweya unyolo akhale wosakwatiwa kapena angapo - patatu, pawiri. Ndi kuwonjezeka multiplicity ukuwonjezeka ndi mphamvu (bata) kugwirizana, ndi utali, mosemphanitsa, yafupika. Chifukwa valency mkulu mpweya ndi kuthekera osiyanasiyana gawo dongosolo anapanga mtundu unyolo ngati (atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena, mosabisa, liniya). Maminolo mtundu amatchedwa mankhwala opezeka mu chikhalidwe. zinthu zimenezi ndi zikuchokera makamaka ndi dongosolo, maonekedwe. Kapangidwe ambiri a mtundu womwewo monga mankhwala zochita kupanga. The zikuchokera zingasiyane malire ena. Mbali A mankhwala ndi mchere zachilengedwe ndi makonzedwe olondola a ma atomu. Chikhazikitso cha taxonomy zinthu izi anauika 1814 ndi Berzelius.

Zikuchokera monga mmodzi wa waukulu mbali zimasiyanitsa zinthu

Kukhala mtundu wina uliwonse wa zigawo kumatanthauza cha chiphunzitso cha. Mankhwala - ndi organic kapena mchere pawiri ndi dongosolo yeniyeni ndi zikuchokera. Magulu waukulu wa mankhwala a anachokera ku zinthu monga mapuloteni, chakudya, lipids. Zina mu kalasi zidulo mkati advantageously ali pambali mpweya, asafe, wa hydrogen, phosphorous, sulfure, oxygen. Zinthu zimene ali m'gulu la 'chakale' mankhwala organic yakuti ulamuliro. Choncho chinthu Mwina amapanga zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu. Motero, mbali yaikulu, chimene anatsimikiza chinthu ankaimira - ndi organic kapena mchere pawiri - alipo mu mpweya zikuchokera ndi zofunika taonera.

Lingaliro la mankhwala mchere akhoza kuphunzira ndi kuganizira zosiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe - garnets. Iwo ndi makhalidwe osiyana thupi. Iwo amadalira zikuchokera, ngakhale kusintha zimene kukonza akanali yemweyo. Mungathe kunena za kusiyana kwa maudindo a maatomu ena ndi nambala spacings.

Gulu la mankhwala organic

Pakali pano, ndi IUPAC nomenclature ntchito. Gulu la mankhwala organic malinga ndi dongosolo wamangidwa pa mfundo yofunika kwambiri. Malinga ndi mikhalidwe ya mankhwala mu chiyerekezo woyamba ofunitsitsa ndi muyezo waukulu awiri. Choyamba - ndi mpweya mafupa (loukitsa mankhwala organic), ndipo chachiwiri - magulu ake zinchito. Malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha kapangidwe ka nkhani anapatukana mu ozungulira ndi acyclic. Yotsirizira nawonso, monga unsaturated ndi kuchepetsa. Gulu la mankhwala ozungulira ndi carbocyclic ndi heterocyclic. Ena mankhwala organic wa chilinganizo:

- CH3CH2CH2COOH - asidi butyric.

- CH3COCH3 - acetone.

- CH3COOC2H5 - ethyl nthochi.

- CH3CH (o) COOH - asidi lactic.

kusanthula structural

Lero, mankhwala organic yodziwika ndi ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Amaona molondola kwambiri X-ray kusanthula (crystallography). Komabe, njira imeneyi kumafuna apamwamba galasi kukula wofunikila kukwaniritsa mkulu kusamvana. Pa nkhani imeneyi, crystallography ntchito kamodzikamodzi. kusanthula elemental ndi njira zowononga zimene ntchito mtima kachulukidwe wa zili zigawo zikuluzikulu mu molekyulu ndi. Pofuna kutsimikizira pakalibe kapena pamaso pa magulu zinchito chagwiritsidwa infuraredi kafukufuku wazamawalidwe. Misa spectrometry ndi mtima wa kulemera maselo a zinthu ndi njira ya kugawikana.

The katundu mankhwala mankhwala organic. zidulo carboxylic

moyo wa munthu kumagwirizana ndi zinthu zimenezi. mayina ambiri odziwika monga acetic, formic, citric acid. mankhwala awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kupanga medicaments (asidi acetylsalicylic), makampani chakudya komanso sopo ndi detergents kupanga. mankhwala ena amapangidwa ndi tizilombo (nyerere, mwachitsanzo) ndi kutumikira monga njira chitetezo. Kuwawonjezera pa mlingo ma amuzolengedwa njira kugwirizana ndi asidi pyruvic ndi oxidized pamene zinthu zambiri ozama mu thupi la umunthu, anapanga asidi acetic kapena asidi lactic. Poona Kapangidwe ka gulu carboxyl ayenera kuona kukhalapo mu izo pawiri la C = O muzikondana. Pa nkhani imeneyi, adzitumizidwa ku gulu unsaturated zinchito. Komanso, zinthu alipo Kapangidwe ka O-H chomangira - atomu wa hydrogen yam'manja. katundu Common mankhwala awa anati mu stearic, acetic, asidi akiliriki acid formic Chili osati zofunika makhalidwe zidulo, komanso aldehydes. Malinga kwakukulu kumene gulu carboxyl, kusiyanitsa onunkhira unsaturated, zimalimbikitsa ndi zina zinthu. Malinga ndi chiwerengero cha magulu molekyulu ndi akutali dibasic, monobasic ndi ena. Mukamakambirana makhalidwe a ena zipangizo angaone zina zofanana zidulo zochita kupanga ndi organic. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala onse angathe yatikhudza ndi zitsulo, zapansi.

chimasanduka onunkhira

Izi mankhwala organic omwe alipo mu zikuchokera hayidirojeni, kaboni, ndi benzene phata. Zofunika kwambiri ndi "chakale" oimira gulu ili ndi benzene (I) ndi homologs (dimethylbenzene, methylbenzene). Pali ambiri chimasanduka onunkhira benzene mphete. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, monga diphenyl C6H5-C6H5, kuyang'ana pa chilinganizo chimene munthu zosavuta mmene mankhwala - organic kapena mchere pawiri. The limatiphunzitsa mankhwala aromatics wa coking khala ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, tani khala phula zopezera pafupifupi makilogalamu imodzi ndi theka toluene, 3.5 makilogalamu benzene, naphthalene makilogalamu awiri.

Main makhalidwe a chimasanduka onunkhira

Malinga ndi katundu wawo mankhwala chimasanduka onunkhira osiyana alicyclic mankhwala unsaturated Ester. Pankhani imeneyi anatsimikiza ndi gulu osiyana iwo. Mchikakamizo cha asidi nitric, asidi sulfuric, halides ndi reactant ena chimasanduka onunkhira, pali m'malo maatomu wa hydrogen. Chifukwa ndi asidi sulfonic, ndi galogenobenzoly ena. zinthu zonsezi intermediates ntchito kupanga utoto, mankhwala.

alkanes

Gulu la zinthu zovuta, womwenso wamng'ono mankhwala yogwira. Onse a iwo alipo C-H ndi C-C osakwatira. Zimenezi zimabweretsa kulephera kwa alkanes nawo zochita Kuwonjezera. Chlorination zinthu izi zovuta kuyambira propane, 1st chlorine atomu akhoza m'malo maatomu wa hydrogen zosiyana. Malangizo a ndondomeko imeneyi kudzadalira mphamvu ya C-H muzikondana. The ofooka unyolo, liwiro m'malo a atomu makamaka. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Woyambirira amangoona mphamvu apamwamba, sekondale, ukachenjede, etc. khola

Nawo zosiyanasiyana

The reactivity osiyana kungachititse kuti pa zinthu zotheka ndiye kuti chogwidwa ndi chimodzi chokha. Pa kutentha 25 madigiri chlorination a dera yachiwiri chimachitika anayi ndi nthawi theka mofulumira kuposa yaikulu ya. The fluorination wa alkanes ndi utuluke mkulu, liwiro zambiri zachiwawa. Ici ulikubala zosiyanasiyana chuma poliftorproizvodnye poyambira. Kuti mphamvu imene yamasulidwa pa zimene ali kwambiri moti nthawi zina chikwiyire kuwonongeka mu mamolekyulu ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira mankhwala. Chifukwa, mlingo anachita chigumukire ukuwonjezeka, imbaenda mabomba ngakhale pa kutentha wotsika ndithu. Mbali A wa fluorination wa alkanes kuthekera chiwonongeko cha fluorine maatomu ya mpweya mafupa ndi mapangidwe CF4 - chomaliza mankhwala.