Ofunkha: zofunika. ofunkha zinthu zosayembekezereka kalasi ndi mitundu

mbiri ya fleets lankhondo la mphamvu zazikulu ndi zofunika nkhondo nyanja ya XIX atumwi ndi inextricably zogwirizana owononga kwambiri. Lero lino si anthu ndawala liwiro maboti ndi kusamutsidwa yaing'ono, chitsanzo lodziwika ndi "Zamvolt" mtundu ofunkha US, kumapeto kwa 2015 anamasulidwa pa mayesero nyanja.

ndi owononga Kodi

Wowonongayo, ndi Mwachidule, wowonongayo - gulu la Zombo Zankhondo. Mipikisano liwiro zombo kuuluka anatilenga kukakumana ndi kuwononga zombo mdani ndi zida zankhondo moto pamene kuteteza ndi squadron ngalawa katundu pang'onopang'ono. Ndi chiyambi cha First World nkhondo, cholinga chachikulu cha owononga - oponya kuukira zombo zikuluzikulu mdani. Nkhondo kukodzedwa osiyanasiyana ntchito ofunkha, iwo amagwiritsa ntchito odana ndi sitima zapamadzi ndi odana ndi ndege chitetezo, kuukira. Iwo anayamba kuculuka phindu mu zombo za, kwambiri kuchuluka kusamutsidwa ndi firepower.

Masiku ano, amatumikira komanso kulimbana ndi sitima zankhondo, sitima ndi ndege (ndege mivi) mdani.

Ofunkha ndi ntchito yolondera, iwo angagwiritsidwe ntchito reconnaissance, kupereka zida zankhondo thandizo pa ankafika ndi kuika minefields.

Choyamba anadza kalasi magalimoto kuwala, seaworthiness awo anali otsika, paokha sangathe kuchita. zida zawo zazikulu anali anga. Kuthana nawo fleets ambiri anaonekera otchedwa omenyana - yaing'ono ziwiya mkulu-liwiro, umene torpedoes chiyambi cha vuto loopsa XX m'ma kuganizira. Kenako, sitima amenewa dzina lake wowonongayo.

Wowonongayo - chifukwa oponya pamaso zitasintha munaitanidwa ku Russian migodi kudziletsa injini. Squadron - chifukwa inkatetezedwa ndi squadron ndipo anachita mu gawo lawo m'dera apanyanja ndi zikuluzikulu.

Maziko a ofunkha kalasi

Torpedoes zida British Navy zinachitika kotala lotsiriza la zaka za m'ma XIX. Ndi owononga woyamba anamangidwa ku 1877 ofunkha "Mphezi" (UK) ndi "Bang" (Russia). Small mkulu-liwiro ndi wotsika mtengo kubala, iwo akhoza kumira waukulu chombo cha mzere.

Patapita zaka ziwiri, chifukwa zombo British inamangidwa khumi ofunkha wamphamvu kwambiri, France - khumi, ku Austria-Hungary ndi Denmark - mmodzi ndi mmodzi.

Wopambana wanga kanthu Russian maboti pa Chirasha Turkey nkhondo ya 1877-1878. ndi chitukuko cha torpedoes zinachititsa kuti chilengedwe minonosnogo zombo lingaliro kuti chitetezo cha madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja safuna chachikulu armadillos mtengo, vuto ili angathetse mabwato ambiri ang'ono mkulu-liwiro minonosnyh ndi kusamutsidwa yaing'ono. Mu Mipingo ya m'zaka za m'ma XIX zinayambira weniweni "minonosny" Boom. Only kutsogolera mphamvu apanyanja - Britain, France ndi Russia - anali fleets awo, 325 owononga. Kudzadza ndi makhoti amenewa ndi Bulu US, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy ndi kumayiko ena a ku Ulaya.

Mitundu apanyanja pa nthawi yomweyo anayamba chilengedwe cha zombo kuwononga maboti oponya ndi changa. Awa "Ankhondo ofunkha" anali kukhala mofanana Greyhound kusiya torpedoes, ndi mbali ya zida ndi zida zankhondo chimodzimodzi mphamvu malo, komanso zombo zina zikuluzikulu waukulu zombo.

Kusamutsidwa "womenya" wakhala wamkulu kwambiri kuposa owononga kwambiri.

Prototypes ofunkha zinthu monga British oponya nkhosa "Polifemus" Anamanga Mu 1892, kupanda omwe ndi zida zankhondo ofooka zida, cruisers "akaponya" ndi "Scout" gunboats "Dryad" mtundu ( "Halcyon") ndi "Sharpshuter" "Jason" ( " Alamu "), ndi wowonongayo lalikulu" Swift "anamumanga 1894 ndi zida mosinthana, moti n'kuwononga ofunkha mdani.

The British Anamanga kwa Japanese oti muli nazo zida wowonongayo a m'nthawi ya kalasi "Kotak" lalikulu kusamutsidwa zamphamvu magetsi komanso okonzeka, koma ndi seaworthiness osagwira, ndipo pambuyo pake chombo nkhondo ofunkha "destructor" anatumidwa ndi Spain, komwe wachinsinsi monga oponya gunboat .

ofunkha loyamba

Mu atasemphana wosatha wa British ndi French British panyanja woyamba anamanga zombo sikisi, mosiyana mu maonekedwe, koma anali ofanana akuchitira makhalidwe ndi manja zochotseka kutembenukira kuthetsa mavuto oponya ofunkha kapena womenya. kusamutsidwa awo anali pafupifupi 270 m, liwiro la - 26 mfundo. Titalandira zombo zimenezi 76mm wina, 57mm atatu mfuti ndi machubu oponya atatu. Mayesero wasonyeza kuti ngakhale unsembe munthawi yomweyo zida zonse kwa anthu maneuverability ndi liwiro. Uta chotengera chidafundidwa Karalas ( "kamba chipolopolo"), amene ankalimbikitsa conning nsanja ndipo anaika pa izo nsanja ya moto waukulu. Mipanda, breakwaters pa mbali ya kanyumba amateteza ena mfuti.

French Wosakaza woyamba inamangidwa mu chaka chatha wa XIX, ndi US - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma lotsatira. Mu US, 16 ofunkha zinamangidwa kwa zaka zinayi.

Mu Russia, pa kwa zaka za m'ma zinamangidwa analibe maina, wotchedwa ofunkha chilolezo. Pamene kusamutsidwa matani 90-150 akamafika liwiro mfundo 25, limodzi ndi mfuti anali mapulani awiri makina looneka ndi mfuti kuwala.

Independent ofunkha kalasi linayamba nkhondo 1904-1905 GG ndi Japan.

Ofunkha chiyambi cha XX atumwi

Pa kwa zaka za m'ma mu pomanga chopangira mphamvu magetsi nthunzi ofunkha kubwera. Kuti zimenezi zitheke ungachititse liwiro la chombo. Origin woononga ndi powerplant latsopano mayesero angathe kukhala liwiro mfundo 36.

Ndiye England anayamba kumanga ofunkha kugwira ntchito mu mafuta, osati malasha. Zotsatirazi mafuta ake madzi n'kuyamba fleets mayiko ena. Mu Russia, zinali polojekiti "Novik", anamanga mu 1910.

Chirasha Japanese nkhondo ya chitetezo ya Port Arthur ndi Nkhondo ya Tsushima, amene adasonkhana naini Russian ndi twente wani Japanese wowonongayo, anasonyeza zolakwa za mtundu wa zombo ndi kufooka kwa manja awo.

Pofika chaka cha 1914, ndi kusamuka kwa ofunkha kuchuluka kwa tonnes 1000. Hulls zawo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zoonda, atathana ndi mafoni limodzi-chubu oponya machubu m'malo mwa Mipikisano tubular pa nsanja onsewo ndi kuliika thereto zowoneka kuwala. Oponya anakhala kwambiri, liwiro chawo chinakula kwambiri ndipo osiyanasiyana.

Zinthu zinayamba wa a panyanjawa zina ndi alonda ofunkha adalira. Alonda analandira kanyumba osiyana kwa nthawi yoyamba pa British wowonongayo "Mtsinje" mu 1902.

Pa ofunkha nkhondo ndi kusamuka kwa chimodzi ndi theka matani zikwi, liwiro la 37 mfundo boilers nthunzi ndi nozzles mafuta anayi patatu chubu oponya launchers ndi mfuti zisanu likungosonyeza 88 mamilimita kapena 102 nawo mbali pa olondera, zoononga ntchito, atakhala minefields, natengedwa asilikali. Mu waukulu panyanja nkhondo ya nkhondo - nkhondo ya Jutland - nawo oposa 80 British 60 ofunkha German.

Mu nkhondo imeneyi, ofunkha anayamba kuchita ntchito ina - kuteteza zombo kwa sitima zankhondo kuukira, pomenyana ndi zida zankhondo moto kapena kumenya akazi awo nkhosa. Izi zapangitsa kuti kuchuluka housings ofunkha, zida za hydrophones kwa kudziwika sitima zankhondo ndi milandu mozama. Nthawi yoyamba sitima zapamadzi anali kumizidwa ndi milandu kuya wowonongayo "Llewellyn" mu December 1916.

Britain analenga nkhondo latsopano magawano - "mtsogoleri wa ofunkha kuti," ndi zinthu zazikulu ndi zida poyerekezera ndi wa wowonongayo. Ankaufulula kubweretsa nkhondo ya ofunkha zinthu zake, nkhondo ndi mdani, magulu kulamulira ofunkha ndi reconnaissance squadron pa.

Ofunkha mu nthawi interwar

Zinachitikira First World nkhondo zasonyeza kuti torpedoes osakwanira ofunkha kwa nkhondo. Kuonjezera chiwerengero cha bursts mu kapangidwe ka zipangizo zisanu ndi chimodzi anaikidwa mipope.

A siteji latsopano yomanga imeneyi mtundu wa zombo tinganene kuti Japanese owononga mtundu "Fubuki". armament awo inkakhala yamphamvu mfuti zisanu asanu inchi ndi njira yaikulu ya okwera, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati odana ndi ndege ndi atatu patatu chubu oponya machubu ndi torpedoes mpweya lembani 93 "Long Mandala". Zotsatirazi Japanese oponya ofunkha m'malo zipangizo mofulumira recharging anayamba kuika mu sitimayo superstructure.

ofunkha US, "Porter" ntchito "Mahan" ndi "Gridley 'sizinkayendera asanu inchi mfuti amapasa, ndiyeno chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha machubu oponya 12 ndi 16 motero.

ofunkha French, "nyamazi" mtundu kale anali kusamutsidwa awiri M ndi 130 mamilimita Cannon zikwi.. Mtsogoleri ofunkha "Le Fantask" anamanga mu 1935 chinali umboni kwa nthawi, liwiro mfundo 45 ndipo onyamula asanu mfuti 138 mm ndi machubu naini oponya. Pafupifupi mofulumira zinali ndi Chitaliyana owononga.

Malinga ndi Hitler rearmament pulogalamu kumanga owononga kwambiri ndi Germany, monga zombo 1934 tinali kusamutsidwa 3 zikwi. T, koma utumiki osauka. Owononga mtundu 1936 wakhala zida 150 mm mfuti lolemera.

Germany ofunkha ntchito chopangira mphamvu nthunzi unsembe ndi nthunzi paipi. Njira nzeru, koma kunadzetsa mavuto aakulu mu zimango.

Mosiyana, Japanese ndi German mapulogalamu yomanga ofunkha zinthu zazikulu, British ndi America anayamba kulenga kuwala, koma zombo ambiri. Mitundu British wowonongayo A, B, C, D, E, F, G ndi H ndi kusamuka kwa 1.4 zikwi. T ndi zisanu ndi zitatu oponya machubu ndi anayi 120 mamilimita likungosonyeza mfuti. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo iwo zinamangidwa monga "Tribal" wowonongayo ndi kusamutsidwa oposa 1.8 zikwi. Matani ndi turrets mfuti anayi, amene eyiti amapasa-n'zotsimikizira 4.7-inchi mfuti wokwera.

Ndiye padali chinayandama ofunkha J mtundu ndi machubu khumi looneka ndi nsanja zitatu ndi zipangizo asanu wophatikizidwa ndi L, amene anapereka pa wophatikizidwa mfuti zisanu latsopano chonse ndiponso oponya machubu eyiti.

US owononga mtundu "Benson," kusamuka kwa 1.6 zikwi. T, khumi anali zida oponya machubu ndi zisanu 127 mm (5 mainchesi) zida.

The Soviet Union nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ofunkha anamanga ntchito ndi kutsirizitsa 7U 7, imene echelon dongosolo la amagetsi ikuwongolera survivability ngalawa. Iwo anayamba liwiro 38 mfundo pa kusamutsidwa za 1,9 zikwi. T.

1/38 kwa polojekiti inamangidwa atsogoleri sikisi ofunkha (Mutu - "Leningrad"). Ndi kusamutsidwa matani pafupifupi 3 zikwi, pa liwiro la 43 mfundo ndi ikuthamanga osiyanasiyana 2.1 sauzande mailosi ..

Mu Italy, chifukwa Black zombo kuti inamangidwa mtsogoleri wowonongayo "Tashkent" matani zikwi ndi kusamuka kwa 4.2, ndi liwiro pazipita 44 mfundo ndi uthunthu ikuthamanga ndi wamkulu kuposa 5 zikwi. Miles pa 25 mfundo liwiro.

Zinachitikira ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World

Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse anatenga yogwira gawo ndege, kuphatikizapo maopareshoni nkhondowo pa nyanja. Pa ofunkha anayamba mofulumira kukhazikitsa mfuti odana ndi ndege radars. Polimbana ndi sitima zankhondo kale kwambiri kufika anayamba ntchito mortars.

Ofunkha ndi "consumable" fleets wa maiko onse aukali. Iwo zombo ambiri chachikulu, nawo nkhondo zonse malo onse amene ntchito ya usilikali pa nyanja. ofunkha German kuti nthawi anangokhala chipinda mbali.

Pofika cha m'ma XX, ena owononga nkhondo sikumanga mtengo zombo latsopano, akhala akweza mwachindunji nkhondo odana ndi sitima zapamadzi.

Komanso linamangidwa zingapo zazikulu, zida ndi mfuti yokha ya moto waukulu, mortars, Rada, zombo sonar: - ". Forrest Sherman" ofunkha Soviet polojekiti 30-bis ndi 56, English "kufika" ndi American

Nyengo chida ofunkha

Popeza zaka zao za sikisite Mu zaka zapitazo mkubwela kwa mizinga "pansi pa nthaka" ndi "nthaka ndi mpweya" mphamvu yaikulu apanyanja anayamba kumanga ofunkha ndi mivi motsogozedwa (Russian chidule - URO, English - DDG). Zinali zombo Soviet polojekiti 61, English - monga "County" American - ". Charles F. Adams" mtundu

Pofika kumapeto kwa XX m'ma malire amaona pakati ofunkha Ndipotu frigates kwambiri zida cruisers.

Mu Soviet Union mu 1981 anayamba kumanga owononga ntchito 956 (mtundu "khwangwala" kapena "ano"). Awa yekha Soviet sitima poyambirira wachinsinsi monga owononga. Iwo ankafuna kuthana ndi mphamvu padziko ndiponso thandizo la ndegeyo, ndiyeno kwa odana ndi sitima zapamadzi ndi odana ndi ndege chitetezo.

956 mapolojekiti, ndipo anamanga wowonongayo "lekeza", ndi flagship watsopano wa Baltic zombo. Iwo unayambitsidwa mu January 1991. kusamutsidwa zake zonse - matani 8, kutalika -. 156,5 m, liwiro pazipita - 33,4 msonkhano ikuthamanga osiyanasiyana - 1.35 sauzande mailosi pa 33 mfundo ndi 3,9 sauzande mailosi pa 19 mfundo ... The awiri mayunitsi kukatentha-chopangira mphamvu kupereka mphamvu 100 zikwi. Malita. a.

Wowonongayo launchers zida odana sitima sitima mivi "udzudzu" (awiri Quad), odana ndi ndege chida zovuta "Lezani mtima" (mayunitsi 2), sextuple mortars RBU-1000 (2 mayunitsi), mfuti ziwiri wophatikizidwa iyambitsa 130 mm, sextuple AK-630 (4 unsembe) awiri amapasa oponya machubu likungosonyeza 533 mm. M'sitimayo ndi Ka-27.

Wa kale anamanga ndi zamakono anali ofunkha ya Indian Navy mpaka posachedwapa. Zombo ngati "Delhi" Zida ndi mivi odana sitima ndi osiyanasiyana chotupa 130 Km, Sam "Lezani mtima" (Russia) ndi makanema Baraki (Israeli) chitetezo, ndi Russian odana ndi sitima zapamadzi roketi bombometnye unsembe RBU-6000 ASW ndi oponya asanu amatsogolera torpedoes likungosonyeza 533 mm. Helipad lakonzedwa Helicopters awiri Nyanja Mfumu. Kuyembekezeredwa posachedwapa m'malo zombo zimenezi ofunkha zinthu za "kolkata".

Today wowonongayo DDG-1000 Zumwalt US Navy intercepted m'manja.

Ofunkha m'zaka XXI

ndi fleets zikuluzikulu zonse zafotokozedwa zochita zonse za yomanga ofunkha zinthu zatsopano. Amene ndicho ntchito lamulo ndi ulamuliro machitidwe ofanana ndi US "Aegis» (AEGIS), umene ankafunanso kuwononga osati ndege, komanso mabomba "Sitima ndi ngalawa" ndi "mpweya ndi chombo."

Polenga zombo watsopano ayenera ntchito chozemba luso: ntchito cheza-absorbent chuma, wapadera cholinga zojambula mawonekedwe Komabe, mwachitsanzo, wosiyana wowonongayo USS Zumwalt.

Ofunkha zinthu zatsopano ziwonjezeke ndi liwiro, potero kuonjezera habitability ndi seaworthiness.

Zombo zamakono mkulu mlingo wa zokha, koma ayenera ziwonjezeke, ndipo motero, ayenera kukula gawo mayunitsi wothandiza mphamvu.

Zikuonekeratu kuti onse a pasukuluyi kukhala ndi kuwuka mu mtengo wa kumanga ngalawa, kotero kusintha Mkhalidwe mphamvu zawo tiyenera kukhala chifukwa yocheperapo.

Owononga m'ma watsopano wosangalatsa kwambiri kuposa kukula ndi kusamutsidwa zonse zilipo kuti tsiku zombo za mtundu uwu. Wowonongayo latsopano DDG-1000 Zumwalt ankaona umboni kwa kusamutsidwa, ndi 14 zikwi matani.. Zombo za mtundu uwu ali anakonza kulowa Navy US mwamsanga 2016, woyamba wa iwo kale anayamba mayesero nyanja.

Mwa njira, Russian ofunkha Project 23560, kumene monga momwe analonjezera, idzamangidwa ndi 2020, adzakhala ndi kusamuka kwa 18 zikwi. Tonnes.

The Russian asilikali a wowonongayo latsopano

Malinga ndi ntchito 23560, limene, mogwirizana ndi Malipoti, ndi ku siteji ya kapangidwe cilamulo, iwo anaganiza zomanga zombo 12. Wowonongayo "mtsogoleri" utali wa mamita 200 ndipo m'lifupi 23 ayenera malire ikuthamanga osiyanasiyana, panyanja ndi yoyenda yokha kwa masiku 90 mpaka kufika pazipita kuyenda liwiro 32 mfundo. Amaganiza kamangidwe tingachipeze powerenga za m'chombo ntchito chozemba luso.

Zingamuthandize wowonongayo za "Mtsogoleri" (padziko zombo za woyendera nthambi zikuluzikulu) udzamangidwa, osalephera ndi nyukiliya magetsi, ndipo ali kunyamula 60 kapena 70 mivi sitima zapansi kubisika. Kukuyenera kubisala migodi ndi pamwamba ndi mpweya mzinga, amene ayenera 128 chabe, kuphatikizapo Sam "Poliment-redoubt." Antisubmarine armament ayenera zigwirizana 16-24-thanki mivi motsogozedwa (Plourac'h). Ofunkha kulandira chilengedwe likungosonyeza zida zankhondo kachitidwe 130 mamilimita A-192 "Armat" ndi embarkation nsanja Helicopters awiri wosiyanasiyana.

deta onse adakali tentative ndipo akhoza kusintha m'tsogolo.

akuluakulu Navy amakhulupirira kuti "Mtsogoleri" mtundu Kumawononga ndi Mipikisano cholinga galimoto, kutumikira monga ofunkha zinthu zenizeni, zombo odana ndi sitima zapamadzi, ndipo mwina chida cruisers "Orlan".

Wowonongayo "Zamvolt"

Mtundu ofunkha Zumwalt - ndi mfundo za pulogalamu ya sitima US wa Zombo Zankhondo padziko m'ma XXI (padziko nkhondo SC-21).

Russian wowonongayo za "Mtsogoleri" - funso ili likhoza kukhala, osati kutali, koma tsogolo.

Ndipo apa pali woyamba mtundu watsopano wa wowonongayo DDG-1000 Zumwalt kale anapezerapo, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa December 2015 anayamba mayesero kupanga ake. The mawonekedwe achilendo wa wowonongayo otchedwa odzaza, alumikizana ndi superstructure ake pafupifupi atatu masentimita mu makulidwe TACHIMATA ndi zipangizo kungolandira (1 inchi), chiwerengero cha yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda tinyanga yafupika yochepa. Series ofunkha lembani Zumwalt okha zombo 3 okha, awiri amene adakali mu zosiyanasiyana yomanga.

Owononga mtundu "Zamvolt" kutalika 183 m, ndi kusamuka kwa 15 zikwi. T ndi mphamvu ophatikizana mphamvu yaikulu mbewu 106 zikwi. L. a. angafikire liwiro la 30 mfundo. Ali ndi mphamvu wamphamvu Rada ndipo amatha kudziwa pa ataliatali si otsika-zouluka mizinga, komanso maboti a zigawenga.

Zida zankhondo ofunkha wapangidwa 20 launchers ofukula MK 57 VLS, imaŵerengedwa 80 maroketi "Tomahawk», ASROC kapena ESSM, awiri mofulumira-pachimake Mk 110 mfuti ndi likungosonyeza wa 57 mamilimita gated, awiri 155 mm AGS mfuti ndi osiyanasiyana 370 Km, awiri tubular 324 mm oponya machubu.

zombo zikhale zochokera 2 SH 60 ndege Nyanja Hawk kapena 3 UAVs MQ-8 Moto Scout.

"Zamvolt" - owononga mtundu, amene ntchito chachikulu ndi kuwononga gombe maofesi mdani. Komanso, mtundu wa zombo angathandize kuthana ndi padziko, m'madzi ndi mpweya ndi mipherezero ndi mdani zida zankhondo mphamvu moto thandizo.

"Zamvolt" ndiye chimake cha luso lamakono, ndi atsopano kwa tsiku anapezerapo wowonongayo. Ntchito India ndi Russia sizinathe zagwiridwa ndi mtundu uwu wa ngalawa, zikuoneka kuti sanabadwe unafika kumapeto.