Asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya: malo, ntchito

Mabakiteriya - wodziwika kwa aliyense. Kupeza tchizi ndi yogurt, mankhwala, zimbudzi mankhwala - onsewa n'zotheka kuti zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi ya bakiteriya. Tiyeni tidziwe bwino za kuyandikira.

ndi amene bakiteriya?

Oimira ufumu izi zachilengedwe kuimira gulu limodzi la prokaryotes - zamoyo, maselo posoŵa phata. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti iwo mulibe mfundo chibadwa. DNA mamolekyulu ndi ufulu mu cytoplasm, ndipo si atazunguliridwa ndi mthunzi.

Chifukwa cha kukula kwa tosaoneka - 20 microns, mabakiteriya sayansi maphunziro tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso. Asayansi apeza kuti prokaryotes kungakhale unicellular kapena agwirizane kumudzi. Iwo ndi dongosolo mwachilungamo achikale. Komanso phata bakiteriya akusowa mitundu yonse ya plastids, Golgi zovuta, EPS, lysosomes ndi mitochondria. Koma ngakhale, selo bakiteriya ali wokhoza kuchita njira yofunika kwambiri pamoyo: anaerobic kupuma popanda mpweya, heterotrophic ndi autotrophic zakudya, asexual kubalana ndi mapangidwe cysts pamene akukumana zinthu chowawa.

makalasi mabakiteriya

Bukuli lili ndi gulu la zizindikiro zosiyana. Mmodzi wa iwo - mawonekedwe a khungu. Mwachitsanzo, afanane vibrio koma, cocci - mawonekedwe anamaliza. maganizo mwauzimu ndi spirilla, ndi ndodo zooneka - oyambitsa.

Komanso, mabakiteriya amaphatikizidwa m'magulu malinga ndi makhalidwe a dongosolo cha ndende. Awa akhoza kupanga kapisozi mucous padziko maselo yake ndipo zili ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana.

Cyanobacteria, kapena buluu wobiriwira algae timatha dzuwa ndi bowa ndi mbali ya ndere ndi.

zosiyanasiyana mabakiteriya amatha kudalirana - ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa mchitidwe zamoyo. Asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya kukhazikika pa mizu ya nyemba ndi zomera zina, kupanga tinatake tozungulira. Kodi mabakiteriya nodule, zosavuta ndikulingalira. Iwo kutembenuza mumlengalenga asafe, komwe kuli koyenera kuti chitukuko cha zomera.

Njira kotunga

Prokaryotes ndi gulu la zamoyo, akupezekera onse modes wa kudya. Choncho, zobiriwira ndi lofiirira mabakiteriya kudya autotrophic, ndi dzuwa mphamvu. Chifukwa kukhalapo kwa plastids akhoza utoto mitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zonse muli chlorophyll. Bakiteriya ndi chomera dzuwa kusiyana kwambiri. Akanika, madzi si chofunika reagent. The elekitironi mwiniwake akhale wa hydrogen kapena sulfide wa hydrogen Choncho, mpweya si anamasulidwa pa ndondomeko iyi.

A gulu lalikulu la mabakiteriya kudyetsedwa heterotrophically, T. E. Okonzeka organic zinthu. zamoyo oterowo ntchito kupereka zotsalira za zamoyo akufa ndi zinthu zawo kagayidwe kachakudya. Mabakiteriya lawola ndi nayonso mphamvu amatha ulemu wonse wa zinthu amadziwika organic. zamoyo amatchedwa saprotroph.

Ena mabakiteriya zomera kupanga kudalirana ndi zamoyo zina: bowa, pamodzi ndi mbali ya ndere ndi matanthauzo azikhala ndi mizu ya leguminous asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya muzu nodule.

chemotroph

gulu lina la mitundu chakudya ndi chemotroph. Ndi mtundu wa zakudya autotrophic, imene dzuwa mphamvu ntchito mmalo mwa mphamvu kumangidwa mankhwala zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya a zamoyo zimenezi. Iwo oxidize ena mankhwala zochita kupanga okha pamene kuonetsetsa zofunika kuchuluka kwa mphamvu.

Asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya: malo

Mofananamo, chakudya ndi tizilombo angathe kusintha ndi asafe pawiri. Iwo amatchedwa asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya. Ngakhale kuti mabakiteriya moyo kulikonse, malo a mtundu ino - nthaka. Komanso mwapadera, mizu ya zomera leguminous.

kapangidwe

Kodi mabakiteriya nodule? Ndi chifukwa dongosolo lawo. Asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya kuoneka bwino bwino kuti apoyera. Kuthetsa pa mizu ya nyemba ndi mbewu monga chimanga, iwo kudutsa mu mbewu. Mu mawonekedwe a thickening, yomwe imachitika mwa kagayidwe lapansi.

M'pofunikanso ponena kuti asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya ndi Mutualists gulu. coexistence awo ndi zamoyo zina ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa. Pa dzuwa, zomera lithe zimam'patsa shuga, koyenera kuti zamoyo. Mabakiteriya sangathe njira, choncho okonzekera kuti shuga kwa nyemba.

Zomera Moyo ayenera asafe. Izi thunthu mu chikhalidwe cha nambala mokwanira lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, asafe zili mpweya ndi 78%. Komabe, mu chikhalidwe ichi, zomera sangathe kuyamwa mankhwala. Asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya kukonza mumlengalenga asafe ndi kumasulira mu mawonekedwe abwino kwa zomera.

zokolola

Kodi asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya angathe kuona chitsanzo chemotrophic mabakiteriya azospirillum. chamoyo ichi amakhala mizu ya udzu: balere kapena tirigu. Amatchedwa molondola mtsogoleri pakati pa alimi a asafe. Per mahekitala izo angathe kupatsa makilogalamu 60 mchitidwe wa.

Asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya wa nyemba, monga rizobitumy, sinorizobiumy ndi ena chabwino "antchito". Iwo amatha alemere mahekitala ya misa dziko ndi asafe kuti makilogalamu 390. Pa osatha zomera leguminous anthu opambana azotoobrazovaniya amene ntchito ndi kuti makilogalamu 560 pa mahekitala wa dziko nalo.

njira moyo

ndi asafe-chikukonzekera kuti mabakiteriya onse pa limatchula njira yofunika zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri. Gulu loyamba ndi nitrifying. Akamanena za kagayidwe mu nkhani iyi ndi unyolo wa masinthidwe mankhwala. Amoniya, kapena amoniya ali n'kukhala nitrite - salt asidi nitric. Nitrites, amapatsidwa n'kukhala ku feteleza, amenenso ndi mchere pawiri izi. Mu mawonekedwe a nitrate asafe ndi bwino chosakanikirana ndi dongosolo muzu wa zomera.

Gulu lachiwiri amatchedwa denitrifying mabakiteriya. Amachita ndondomeko osiyanitsidwa: ku feteleza zili m'nthaka, ndi anatembenukira kwa mpweya asafe. Choncho pali asafe mkombero m'chilengedwe.

Mwa njira ya moyo imakhudzanso ndondomeko kubalana. Kumachitika ndi kugawa mu maselo awiri. Anaiwononga - ndi budding. Khalidwe mabakiteriya ndi ndondomeko kugonana otchedwa conjugation. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali kuuzana nkhani chibadwa.

Chifukwa mizu allocates kwambiri zinthu zabwinozabwino, mabakiteriya zikukhazikitsa mu kwambiri. Iwo kutembenuza zatsalira chomera mu zinthu amatha kuyamwa mbewu. Chifukwa, wosanjikiza dothi mozungulira amapeza katundu wina. Njirayi imatchedwa rhizosphere.

Njira malowedwe a mabakiteriya mu muzu

Pali njira zingapo powapatsa maselo bakiteriya mu zimakhala a dongosolo muzu. Izi zingachitike chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa zimakhala integumentary kapena m'madera muzu wa maselo wamng'ono. zone muzu tsitsi amadziwikanso chemotroph ndi malowedwe mu mbewu. Komanso, muzu tsitsi ndi kachilombo chifukwa cha yogwira kugawanika kwa khungu la tinatake tozungulira bakiteriya anapanga. Kukhazikitsa maselo opatsirana kupanga filaments kuti kupitiriza mchitidwe wa malowedwe mu chomera minofu. Ndi machitidwe conductive bakiteriya kugwirizana ndi tinatake tozungulira mizu. M'kupita kwa nthawi, iwo akalandire pophika wapadera - Leghemoglobin.

Ndi nthawi zizindikiro mulingo woyenera ntchito tinatake tozungulira kukhala mtundu pinki (chifukwa pigment ndi Leghemoglobin). Akhoza kukonza asafe okha mabakiteriya amene ali Leghemoglobin.

kutanthauza chemotroph

Anthu anayamba kalekale kunena kuti ngati nyemba kukumba dothi pa izi malo yokolola adzakhala bwino. Ndipotu mfundo si m'kati yolima. nthaka Izi zambiri amatilimbikitsa asafe, kotero koyenera kuti kukula ndi chitukuko cha zomera.

Ngati pepalalo amatchedwa fakitale kwa kupanga mpweya, ndi asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya angatchedwe fakitale kwa kupanga ku feteleza.

M'nthawi ya 19, asayansi tcheru ndi luso zodabwitsa za zomera leguminous. Chifukwa chosadziwa za analemba yekha basi zomera ndi kugwirizana ndi zamoyo zina. Anthu ena amanena kuti masamba akhoza kukonza mumlengalenga asafe. Pa zatsopano chinapezeka kuti nyemba zomwe mwakula mu madzi, kutaya luso limeneli. Kwa zaka 15, funso wakhala chinsinsi. Palibe anaganiza kuti azichita zimenezo asafe-chikukonzekera kuti mabakiteriya onse, ndiwo malo alibe afufuza. Kunapezeka choncho mu zamoyo ndi symbiotic. Only pamodzi nyemba ndi mabakiteriya zingabweretse ku feteleza zomera.

Tsopano, asayansi anapeza zomera oposa 200, amene simuli banja legume, koma akhoza kupanga kudalirana ndi mabakiteriya asafe-chikukonzekera. Mbatata, tirigu, tirigu adzatenga katundu wapatali.