Kwa amino asidi dongosolo. Tanthauzo ndi gulu la amino zidulo

Mwa yaikulu zosiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe amino zidulo kukhala ndi malo apadera. Ndi chifukwa phindu kwapadera onse mu zamoyo ndi umagwirira organic. mfundo ndi yakuti kwa amino zidulo zigwirizana mamolekyulu yosavuta zovuta mapulotini, ndiwo maziko a wina ndi mtundu uliwonse wa moyo padziko lapansi. Ndi chifukwa chake sayansi powasamalira kwambiri kuphunzira nkhani monga kapangidwe kwa amino asidi, katundu, kupanga ndi ntchito. mtengo waukulu wa mankhwala awa mankhwala, kumene ntchito monga kukonzekera mankhwala. Kwa anthu amene kwambiri chinkhoswe mu umoyo wawo ndi kutsogolera njira yogwira moyo, monomers mapuloteni ndi maonekedwe a chakudya (otchedwa masewera zakudya). Ena mtundu wa ntchito umagwirira organic kupanga monga feedstock mu opanga ulusi kupanga - enanth ndi nayiloni. Monga mukuonera, ndi kwa amino asidi n'chofunikira zofunika kwambiri onse mu chikhalidwe ndi mu anthu, choncho kuyang'ana pa iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Features ya kapangidwe ka amino zidulo

Mankhwala a m'gulu limeneli ndi amphoteric organic zinthu, mwachitsanzo muli magulu awiri zinchito, choncho kuonetsa katundu wapawiri. Makamaka mu mamolekyulu lino hydrocarbyl ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira zaikidwa ndi NH ₂ kwa amino magulu magulu carboxylic COOH. Zimene mankhwala ndi zinthu zina kuti atumikire monga m'munsi kwa amino asidi, mmene acid. Isomers mankhwala amenewa amasonyeza chifukwa kusintha kapena kasinthidwe okhudza malo a mpweya mafupa, kapena kwa amino malo, ndi gulu la amino zidulo anatsimikiza zochokera mbali structural ndi katundu wa hydrocarbon kwakukulu. Zingatenge mawonekedwe a unyolo molunjika kapena nthambi ndipo muli nyumba ozungulira.

Kuwala ntchito aminocarboxylic zidulo

Onse monomers wa polypeptides ndi 20 mtundu wawo pano mu thupi la zomera, zinyama ndi anthu, ndi L-kwa amino zidulo. Ambiri a iwo ali ndi asymmetric mpweya atomu, kutembenuzira pamene limazungulira ya magetsi kuwala mtengo lamanzere. Awiri monomer isoleucine ndi threonine - awiri maatomu ngati mpweya ndi asidi aminoacetic (glycine) - palibe. kwa amino ntchito kuwala classifications ankagwiritsa ntchito mu sayansi ndi zamoyo kuphunzira njira yomasulira ku mapuloteni biosynthesis. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti D-mawonekedwe kwa amino zidulo sizinali mbali ya unyolo polypeptide mapulotini, koma alipo mu nembanemba bakiteriya ndi mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya wa bowa, actinomycetes, amene zoona, amapezeka mankhwala achilengedwe monga gramicidin. Mu sayansi odziwika mankhwala ndi D-mawonekedwe dongosolo okhudza malo ngati citrulline, homoserine, ornithine, mbali yofunika kwambiri mu zochita za kagayidwe selo.

zwitterions ndi chiyani?

Kachiwiri, monomers kuti Mapuloteni wapangidwa ndi magulu zinchito ndi amines ndi zidulo carboxylic. Tinthu -NH ₂ ndi COOH kucheza limodzi mwa molekyulu ndi, imbaenda ku salt mkati, wotchedwa ochititsa kuti ion (zwitterion). Ikufotokoza kapangidwe mkati mwa zidulo kwa amino luso lawo mkulu kucheza ndi solvents kumalo ozizira, monga madzi. Pamaso pa particles mlandu njira amachititsa madutsidwe awo.

zidulo kodi α-kwa amino

Ngati kwa amino gulu molekyulu ndi poyamba mpweya atomu, kuwerenga kuchokera carboxyl malo malo, asidi amenewa kwa amino wa kalasi zidulo α-kwa amino. Iwo amakhala malo kutsogolera olemba, chifukwa kwa monomers izi ndipo anamanga onse zedi biologically yogwira, mwachitsanzo, monga michere, hemoglobin, akitini, kolajeni ndi zina zotero. D. Kapangidwe ka gulu ili la amino zidulo tinganene kuti Mwachitsanzo glycine, yemweyo chimene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mchitidwe neurologic monga kukonzekera ululu zochizira mitundu wofatsa matenda a neurasthenia.

dzina lonse la asidi izi kwa amino - α-glycine, liri ndi kuwala L-mawonekedwe ndi proteinogenic, kuti kumatanthauza ntchito yomasulira ndi mbali ya macromolecules mapuloteni.

Mapuloteni ndi udindo wawo kagayidwe wa monomers

N'zosatheka kuyerekeza uziyenda wabwinobwino wa chamoyo nyama, kuphatikizapo munthu, popanda mahomoni, wopangidwa mwa zedi. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala kwa amino zidulo mwa iwo zikutsimikizira wachokera awo ndi mitundu α lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, triiodothyronine ndi thyroxine opangidwa ndi mabele England. Iwo zonse kagayidwe ndi maselo ake apanga ku asidi tyrosine α-kwa amino. Mapuloteni yosavuta zovuta zimapezeka ngati monomers 20 lalikulu ndi ena ofanana awo. The prothrombin, amene nthawi magazi coagulation, alipo carboxyglutamic asidi myosin (minofu mapuloteni) wapezeka methyllysine, enzyme peroxidase - selenocysteine.

Zakudya mtengo mapulotini monomers awo

Poganizira kapangidwe ka amino zidulo ndi gulu lawo, idzafotokoza panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira ndi zochokera luso kapena kulephera kwa monomers mapuloteni apanga maselo. Alanine, proline, tyrosine ndi mankhwala ena aumbike mwa zimene kuwombola pulasitiki, ndi tryptophan, ndi zina zidulo asanu kwa amino kulowa thupi lathu ndi chakudya.

chizindikiro chimodzi cha zakudya lolondola ndi oyenera ndi mlingo wa anthu amadya zakudya zomanga thupi. Ziyenera kukhala osachepera mbali yachinayi ya kuchuluka okwana chakudya analandira mwa thupi patsiku. Ndi kofunika kwambiri kuti mapuloteni ali zikuchokera valine ake, isoleucine, ndi zina zofunika kwa amino zidulo. Pankhaniyi, mapuloteni otchedwa wathunthu. Iwo amalowa m'thupi la munthu zakudya zomera, kapena zakudya zokhala ndi bowa.

Monomers okha mapuloteni zofunika sangathe apanga maselo zolengedwa zoyamwitsa. Ngati tikambirana kapangidwe ka tinthu la amino zidulo, amene singasiyanitsidwe, tikuona kuti iwo ali magulu osiyanasiyana. Choncho, valine ndi leucine ndi aliphatic zino, tryptophan - kwa onunkhira kwa amino zidulo ndi threonine - kuti hydroxyamino a.