Anthu zakwawoko la America: anthu, chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo

Amwenye, amene ali ndi makamaka mtundu Americanoid ndi anthu mbadwa ya America. Iwo kumene kuli dera la lonse la Dziko Latsopano kuyambira chiyambi cha nthawi ndi moyo komweko. Ngakhale kupulula ambiri, kulamulira ndi mazunzo ndi mnzake iwo, omwe anapangidwa ndi a ku Ulaya, iwo amakhala yofunika kwambiri aliyense limati mu izi mbali ya dziko. M'nkhani yotsatira, tiona chiyani nanga manambala chiwerengero zamakolo of America. Photos ya kum'mwera mitundu-zosiyanasiyana ndipo akuluakulu a mafuko osiyanasiyana zidzathandiza bwino kwambiri nkhani imeneyi.

Habitat ndi anthu

Mbadwa ya America anakhalapo kuno kuyambira nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe, koma masiku ano, kwenikweni, pang'ono chasintha kwa iwo. Iwo ndi ogwirizana Madera osiyana, kulalikira mbalume zawo zachipembedzo ndi kutsatira miyambo ya makolo awo. Akuluakulu a mbadwa mtundu Americanoid anaphatikizana ndi azungu ndi kwathunthu kutenga pa moyo wawo. Choncho, kukumana oyera Indian kapena mestizo akhoza kukhala kulikonse mu gawo kumpoto, kum'mwera ndi chapakati cha Dziko Latsopano. Total "Indian" anthu America anthu oposa 48. Awa, 14 miliyoni amakhala Peru, miliyoni 10,1 mu Mexico, 6 miliyoni mu Bolivia. Mayiko zotsatirazi Ecuador ndi Guatemala - 5.4 ndi 3.4 miliyoni, motero. okwana 2.5 miliyoni Indians angapezeke mu US, koma Canada wa osachepera theka - 1.2 miliyoni N'zochititsa chidwi Brazil chachikulu ndi Argentina, monga mphamvu yaikulu, Amwenye anakhalabe osati mochuluka .. Zamakolo anthu America mu malo awa kuchita masamu ndi kale zikwi 700 000 ndi 600 000 motero.

Nkhani ya mafuko

Malinga ndi asayansi, nthumwi Americanoid mpikisano ngakhale kuti zimasiyana awo onse pogwiritsa ina kudziwika kwa ife, anasamukira ku Africa awo Europe ndi ku Asia ndi izo. Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri (pafupifupi 70-12 Zakachikwi BC. E.) Amwenye anabwera ku Dziko Latsopano mu otchedwa Bering Bridge, malo amene tsopano ali ndi Bering Strait. Sinali anthu zakwawoko la America pang'ono ndi pang'ono katswiri Africa latsopano, kuyambira Alaska, kutsiriza ndi nyanjayi kum'mwera kwa masiku ano Argentina. Kamodzi America anali katswiri mwa iwo, fuko lirilonse umodzi anayamba m'njira ina. mumaganiza General anamuona pa iwo, anali motere. Amwenye a America South analemekeza matrilineal banja. Anthu a kumpoto kwa Africa anali okhutira ndi atsogoleriwa. Mafuko a Caribbean, panali azimuth ya kusintha kwa anthu kalasi.

mawu ochepa A za sayansi ndi

Kuyambira mfundo majini maganizo, anthu zakwawoko of America, monga tatchulazi, anthu a m'mayiko amenewa si konse. Kumudzi asayansi Indian mukukhulupirira Altai, pamene iwo anapita ndi madera awo motalikana kutali kale, kuti tikhale m'dziko latsopano. chakuti zaka 25,000 zapitazo ku Siberia ku America amene anapezedwa njira pamtunda Komanso, mwina anthu ankaona mayiko amenewa United Africa. Choncho anthu a m'madera athu pang'onopang'ono anakhazikika kumpoto kwa Europe ndi ku Asia, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku Western dziko lapansi, amene anatembenuka mu Amwenye. Kuti ndi mapeto ofufuza anabwera chifukwa chakuti mbadwa za mtundu Altai la Y-khromozomu ndi zofanana kwa masinthidwe awo kuti asakhale ndi vutoli wa American Indian.

mafuko a kumpoto

Aleut ndi Eskimo mafuko, lomwe likuyenera kudzala zone subarctic m'dzikoli, ife Sudzatikhudza izo, chifukwa izo ndi zosiyana mitundu banja. Anthu zakwawoko a North America litatenga dera la pano Canada ndi United States, kuchokera oundana wosatha ndi kuthetsa Gulf of Mexico. Pali zachitika zosiyanasiyana zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, limene ife tsopano ati:

• North Indians okhala kumtunda kwa Canada - ndi Algonquian ndi Athapaskan mafuko. Ankasakidwa caribou, komanso chinkhoswe mu nsomba.
• Chakumadzulo mafuko - ndi Tlingit, Haida, Salish Wakashe. Zikugwira nsomba ndi kusaka m'madzi.
• California Indians - amadziwika okhometsa wa zipatso zokwana. Amagwiritsidwanso chinkhoswe mu kusaka mwachizolowezi kusodza.
• Woodland Indians wotanganidwa lonse kum'mawa gawo la masiku United States. Native mafuko American zinali uko akukuwa, Algonquin, Iroquois. anthu awa ankasakidwa ulimi kuthetsedwa.
• Zigwa Indians - amadziwika alenje a njati zakutchire. Pali mafuko ambiri, lomwe ife kungotchulapo ochepa chabe: Caddo, Khwangwala, Osage, Mandal, Arikara, Kiowa, Apache, Wichita ndi ena ambiri.
• Kumwera kwa mafuko North America padziko la Pueblo, Navajo ndi Pima. mayiko amenewa ankatengedwa kwambiri otukuka, monga mbadwa kuno ankachita ulimi, ntchito njira ulimi wothirira, ndi mbali ayipanga ziweto.

Caribbean

Izo zinandipangitsa kukhulupirira kuti anthu a m'dziko la ku Central America anali olemera kwambiri. Ndi mu gawo ili m'dzikoli kukhala zovuta masiku amenewo, slash ndi kuwotcha ulimi ndi machitidwe yothiriridwa. Kumene, mafuko a dera wakhala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ulimi wothirira, amene anawalola kuthetsa mbewu osati chabe ndi zomera zipatso monga chimanga, nyemba, mpendadzuwa, dzungu, agave, koko, ndi thonje. Kuno anakula fodya. Zamakolo anthu Latin America pa m'mayiko amenewa ndi pastoralists (ofanana Amwenye tikukhala mu Andes). Patapita apa zinali ambiri llama. Komanso dziwani kuti pali chinayamba zitsulo ndi wosazindikira dongosolo limodzi kale ankadutsa kalasi, ndinatembenuka mu boma kapolo. Pakati pa mafuko amene ankakhala mu Caribbean, angatchedwe Aaziteki, Mixtecs, Mayans, Purepecha, Totonac ndi Chizapoteki.

America South

Poyerekeza ndi mafuko a Aaziteki, izo sizinali monga bwino anayamba ndi zina Totonac, anthu a m'dziko la America South. Zosiyana likhoza kupanga Imperiya Inkov, yomwe inali mu Andes, ndipo anthu Amwenye a dzina lomweli. Pa gawo la Brazil masiku ano kunyumba kwa mafuko, amene ankachita mtundu wa khasu ulimi, komanso ankasakidwa mbalame mbadwa, nyama. Ena mwa iwo ndi Arawak, Tupi-Chiguariani. m'gawo Argentine wotanganidwa ndi kavalo alenje guanaco. Mu Tierra del Fuego anakhala mafuko Yamana, iye alacalufe anthu. Iwo ankakhala moyo wosamukasamuka, ndithu yachikalekale poyerekeza ndi achibale awo, ndipo ankachita nsomba.

Imperiya Inkov

Izi ndi mgwirizano wamkulu wa Amwenye, omwe analipo mu 11-13 zaka TH pa dera la pano Colombia, Peru ndi Chile. Asanabwere ku Ulaya, anthu a m'deralo anali kugawikana awo utsogoleri. Ufumu inali ndi zigawo zinayi - Chinchaysuyu, Kolasuyu, Antisuyu ndi Kuntisuyu, ndipo aliyense wa iwo, nawonso, anagawa m'zigawozigawo. Imperiya Inkov anali statehood ake ndi malamulo, amene makamaka kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a chilango cha ziwawa zina. Boma la iwo anali, ayenera, wankhanza, wankhanza. Mu chikhalidwe ichi, ngati anali asilikali, panali ena kuti chikhalidwe, pa zigawo za mmusi za chimene chinapangidwa kulamulira. Kupambana waukulu wa Ainka ankaona mzere awo yaikulu. Misewu, anamanga kumapiri a ku Andes, pa kutalika anafika makilomita 25 chikwi. Kuwachititsa ntchito nyama monga nyama paketi.

Miyambo ndi chikhalidwe

Chikhalidwe cha mbadwa za Chimereka - zimagwiritsa chinenero chawo kulankhulana, ambiri amene adakali mokwanira kumvetsa zotheka. mfundo ndi yakuti fuko lililonse analibe monga chilankhulo chake ndi zofuna zili chinenero chake kuti zinali kokha kulankhula, analibe pa zolembedwazi. Alifabeti yoyamba mu America, anaonekera yekha mu 1826 motsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri wa fuko la Chicheroke Indian Sequoyah. Mpaka nthawi imeneyi, a ku Africa ndi ntchito zizindikiro pictographic, ndipo ngati anali kulankhula ndi akuluakulu a m'midzi ina, ndiye ntchito dzanja manja, kayendedwe thupi ndi nkhope.

Indian mulungu

Ngakhale nambala yaikulu ya mafuko amene ankakhala m'madera osiyana zigawo, zikhulupiriro za mbadwa za Chimereka anali lophweka, ndipo mukhoza kuphatikiza iwo mu umodzi. Ambiri a mafuko a North America ankakhulupirira kuti mulungu - ndi mtundu wa ndege, amene ali kutali m'nyanja. Malinga ndi nthano zawo, makolo awo akale moyo m'ndegemu. Ndipo awo amene achita tchimo, kapena anasonyeza chosasamala, mwazisiya ake ndi opanda gaping. Ku Central America, milungu anapatsa mtundu nyama, makamaka mbalame. mafuko anzeru Inca zambiri ankakhulupirira milungu yawo prototypes anthu amene analenga dziko lapansi ndi zonse zili m'menemo.

zikhulupiriro achipembedzo amakono amwenye

Masiku ano, anthu zakwawoko a mu American salinso kutsatira miyambo achipembedzo, amene yodziwika ndi makolo awo. Anthu ambiri a North America tsopano amati Chiprotestanti ndi mitundu yake. Amwenye ndi mestizos amakhala ku Mexico ndi kum'mwera kwa Africa, pafupifupi onse amatsatira Chikatolika kwambiri. Ena a iwo ali Ayuda. Ochepa akadali zochokera maganizo a makolo awo, ndi nzeru zimene onse chinsinsi chachikulu kwa anthu woyera.

m'nthano mbali

Poyamba, onse nthano, nthano, ndi ntchito anthu ena, amene anali Amwenye, angatiuze za moyo wawo, za moyo, za momwe kuti apeze chakudya. anthu awa yonena za mbalame, nyama zakutchire ndi zilombo zolusa, abale ake ndi makolo. Patapita nthano kuthi chikhalidwe yosiyana. Amwenye ndiwo nthano za chilengedwe cha dziko, omwe ndi ofanana kwambiri Baibulo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nkhani zambiri za anthu ameneŵa American pali mulungu - A mayi ndi mangongo. Ndi onse umunthu wa moyo ndi imfa, nkhondo ndi chakudya, malo ndi madzi. Ilibe dzina, koma akamva za mphamvu yake amapezeka pafupifupi onse makedzana Indian.

Pomaliza

Tanena kale pamwambapa, otchedwa Indian American anthu ndi miliyoni 48, malinga ndi kafukufuku boma. Awa ndi anthu amene anawerengedwa m'dziko lawo, amene ali ndi anthu atsamunda. Ngati ife kuganizira anthu Amwenye amene akukhalabe mu mafuko, zimakwana adzakhala ambiri apamwamba. Malinga ndi kafukufuku zosavomerezeka, mu United States ndi kunyumba kwa oyang'anira oposa 60,000 a mtundu mbadwa Americanoid, zimachitika onse mu Alaska ndi Tierra del Fuego.