Nyama m'nthaka. okhala nthaka ndi anatengera awo chilengedwe

lathuli anapanga zipolopolo zinayi zikuluzikulu: mlengalenga, hydrosphere, biosphere ndi lithosphere. Onse kwambiri cholukanalukana monga oimira biospheric lapansi m'chimake - nyama, zomera, tizilombo - sangaonekerenso popanda kuchita zinthu monga madzi ndi mpweya.

Komanso lithosphere ndi, chivundikiro nthaka ndi zigawo zina kwambiri, sangaonekerenso kudzipatula. Ngakhale kuti sitingathe kuona ndi apoyera, nthaka ndi asezare kuli kwambiri. Amene wamoyo anthu chifukwa zilibe moyo! Monga zamoyo aliyense wamoyo, amafunanso madzi ndi mpweya.

nyama zimene moyo m'nthaka? Motani mapangidwe ake ndi mmene atengere chilengedwe? Pa mafunso awa ndi zina timayesetsa m'nkhani ino.

Kodi nthaka?

Nthaka - yekha ndi ulemu, osaya kwambiri wosanjikiza amapanga lithosphere. mozama ake anapita 1-1.5 m. Kenako akuyamba wosanjikiza chosiyana imene otaya pansi.

Ndiko kuti, chapamwamba chonde wosanjikiza dothi - ndi malo okhalamo kwambiri mosiyanasiyana, makulidwe ndi njira zamoyo zakudya ndi zomera. Nthaka malo a nyama wolemera kwambiri ndi osiyanasiyana.

Izi gawo structural wa lithosphere imasiyana. Mapangidwe wosanjikiza dothi kumatengera zifukwa zambiri, makamaka pa zinthu yozungulira chilengedwe. Choncho mitundu ya nthaka (topsoil) amasiyana:

1. Podzolic ndi sod-podzolic.
2. Black lapansi.
3. Sod.
4. Bog.
5. Podzolic-bog.
6. Malts.
7. Floodplain.
8. Salt m'madambo.
9. Gray nkhalango-steppe.
10. Salt malawi.

Gawo ichi chapatsidwa kokha kudera la Russia. M'mayiko ena, mayiko, mbali ya dziko pali zina dothi (mchenga, dongo, kozizira Titafika pamalo, manyowa, zimene ndi zina zotero).

Komanso, onse nthaka zosiyanasiyana mipweya, chinyontho ndi machulukitsidwe mpweya. zolozerazi zosiyanasiyana zimadalira chiwerengero cha zinthu (mwachitsanzo, zingamvekere nyama m'nthaka, tikambirana m'munsimu).

Kodi nthaka ndi amene amathandiza pa nkhani imeneyi?

Chiyambi cha nthaka kutsogolera kuyambira maonekedwe a moyo padziko lathuli. Ndi mapangidwe zamoyo nayamba pang'onopang'ono mosalekeza mapangidwe ndi magawo kudziletsa kukonzanso nthaka.

Kuchokera pa ichi momveka, zamoyo amagwira nawo ntchito mapangidwe nthaka. Ndi chiyani icho? Kwenikweni, udindo umenewu okha kwa processing zinthu organic zili m'nthaka, ndipo patsogolo ake ndi zinthu mchere. Ndi tithe kumvetsa kumasulira kwake ndi kusintha aeration. zabwino kwambiri za izo mu 1763 analemba M. V. Lomonosov. Iye ndiye anali woyamba adafotokoza mawu onena kuti nthaka aumbike chifukwa imfa ya zamoyo.

Kuwonjezera ntchito ikuchitika padziko nyama ndi zomera m'nthaka padziko, chinthu chofunika kwambiri mu mapangidwe topsoil ndiye thanthwe. Ndi ku mitundu awo Nthawi zambiri zimadalira mtundu wa dothi.

Nawonso amathandiza ndi zinthu abiotic :

• kuwala;
• chinyezi;
• kutentha.

Chifukwa, miyala ndi kukonzedwa mchikakamizo cha zinthu abiotic ndi tizilombo tikukhala mu nthaka kuwola ndinso nyama ndi zomera zatsalira, akatembenuka zinthu organic mu mchere wa. Izi zimachititsa wosanjikiza ena a mtundu chonde m'nthaka. Mu nkhani iyi, nyama zimene zimakhala pansi pa nthaka (mwachitsanzo, nyongolotsi, nematodes, timadontho-timadontho) kupereka aeration wake, mwachitsanzo, mpweya machulukitsidwe. Izi ikukwaniritsa kwambiri kumasula ndi processing apitirize particles dothi.

Nyama ndi zomera pamodzi kupereka nthaka organic nkhani. Tizilombo, mogwirizana ndi unicellular bowa algae zinthu kukonzedwa ndi n'kukhala kufunika mtundu wa zinthu mchere. Mphutsi, nematodes ndi nyama zina kachiwiri anadutsa particles dothi, potero musayambe feteleza organic - vermicompost.

The ndiye kuti dothi anapanga ku miyala chifukwa cha yaitali mbiri ya nthawi mchikakamizo cha zinthu abiotic ndi thandizo anapereka kwa nyama ndi zomera zimene moyo.

Nthaka wosaoneka dziko

A mbali yaikulu osati mapangidwe nthaka, komanso moyo wa anthu ena onse amoyo kusewera zolengedwa kakang'ono kuti kupanga lonse wosaoneka dziko la nthaka. Ndani zikuphatikizapo chiyani?

Choyamba, zokhala ndi selo imodzi algae, ndi bowa. Bowa tingaone Chytridiomycetes m'madipatimenti, Deuteromycetes ndi ena oimira Zygomycetes. Seaweed tisaiwale fitoedafonov woimira wobiriwira ndi buluu wobiriwira algae. Kulemera okwana anthu awa pa mahekitala 1 nthaka ndi za 3100 kg.

Chachiwiri, ambiri yaying'ono-zamoyo, mabakiteriya ndi nyama m'nthaka, monga losavuta. Unyinji okwana machitidwe okhala pa 1 ha nthaka ndi za 3100 kg. Udindo waukulu zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi yafupika kwa processing ndi kuwonongeka kwa zatsalira organic zomera ndi nyama chiyambi.

Ambiri a zinthu izi zikuphatikiza:

• rotifers;
• tindalama;
• amoeba;
• centipedes symphyla;
• ProTour;
• springtails;
• diplura;
• buluu wobiriwira algae;
• wobiriwira unicellular algae.

nyama zimene moyo m'nthaka?

Kwa anthu a invertebrates nthaka ndi zotsatirazi:

1. Small nkhanu (Crustacea) - 40 makilogalamu / ha
2. Tizilombo ndi mphutsi yawo - makilogalamu 1,000 / ha
3. Nematodes ndi roundworms - 550 makilogalamu / ha
4. Nkhono ndi slugs - 40 makilogalamu / ha

ziŵeto zoterozo kuti moyo nthaka ndi zofunika kwambiri. phindu anatsimikiza ndi luso kudutsa apezeka dothi ndi kukhutitsa ndi zinthu organic, n'kupanga vermicompost. ntchito yawo ndi tithe kumvetsa kumasulira nthaka, chikusintha mpweya machulukitsidwe ndi kulenga voids amene anadzazidwa ndi mpweya ndi madzi, potero kuwongolera ndipo chonde ya wosanjikiza chapamwamba nthaka.

Taganizirani zimene nyama moyo m'nthaka. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa mitundu iwiri:

• nzika;
• mongoyembekezera.

Kwa nzika za nyama peresenti, woimira dziko la nthaka nyama, ndi makoswe Mfuko, voles Mfuko, zokor ndi timadontho-timadontho marsupial. kufunika ndicho kukhala unyolo okwanira, chifukwa iwo zimalimbikitsa tizilombo nthaka, nkhono, ngale, slugs, ndi zina zotero. Ndipo tanthauzo chachiwiri - akukumba ndime yaitali ndi akutsirizika, kulola nthaka wasambitsa ndi olemera ndi oxygen.

anthu osakhalitsa, kuimira zinyama nthaka, ntchito kokha kwa chitetezo mwachidule, monga ulamuliro, monga malo oti mphutsi ndi kusunga awo. Nyama zimenezi zikuphatikiza:

• mbewa yoyenda modumpha;
• agologolo;
• yoongoka;
• kafadala;
• mphemvu;
• makoswe ena.

Zimasintha okhala nthaka

Kukhala ngati ovuta, nthaka, nyama ayenera kukhala angapo zimasintha wapadera. Pambuyo pa zonsezi maonekedwe sing'anga wandiweyani, lolimba ndiponso malokislorodnaya. Komanso, pali mwamtheradi kuwala ngakhale pali zolimbitsa kuchuluka kwa madzi. Mwachibadwa, muyenera kukhala wokhoza kuti azolowere zinthu zimenezi.

Choncho, nyama zimene zimakhala mu nthaka pa nthawi (mu njira zako zamoyo zinachita) ndapeza zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Miyeso chabwino kwambiri kudzaza malo kakang'ono pakati pa nthaka particles okha kumeneko ndi omasuka amaona (mabakiteriya, mogwirizana, mabakiteriya rotifers, nkhanu);
• thupi kugawa musculature amphamvu kwambiri - Ubwino ndi kayendedwe m'nthaka (ndi mphutsi segmented kuzungulira);
• luso kuyamwa mpweya kusungunuka m'madzi kapena kupuma mu pamwamba thupi (mabakiteriya nematodes);
• moyo mkombero ongokhala siteji larval, imene imafuna ngakhale kuwala kapena chinyezi, kapena mphamvu (tizilombo mphutsi, kafadala zosiyanasiyana);
• nyama zikuluzikulu ndi zimasintha mu mawonekedwe a miyendo amphamvu burrowing ndi zikhadabu amphamvu kophweka anagumula yaitali ndi kumulowetsa una wa mobisa (timadontho-timadontho, shrews, yoongoka ndi zina zotero);
• mu nyama bwino anayamba kununkhiza koma masomphenya pafupifupi kwina (timadontho-timadontho zokor, Mole makoswe, spepushonki);
• streamlined thupi mawonekedwe, wandiweyani, wothinikizidwa, ndi zolimba-koyenera lalifupi okhwima ubweya.

zipangizozi onse kulenga zinthu yabwino kuti nyama m'nthaka samamva kuposa zimene zimakhala malo pansi mpweya, mwinanso bwino.

Udindo wa magulu chilengedwe okhala nthaka chilengedwe

Magulu waukulu chilengedwe okhala nthaka ankaona kuti:

1. Geobionty. Oyimira a gulu limeneli - ndi nyama zomwe nthaka ndi okhazikika okhala. Iwo umapita onse mkombero moyo wawo molumikizana ndi njira zofunika kwambiri. Zitsanzo: , nyongolotsi, mnogohvostki, tailless, diplura, protura.
2. Geophiles. gulu zikuphatikizapo nyama zimene gawo lapansi nthaka kumanga inali imodzi mwa magawo mkombero moyo wake. Mwachitsanzo: ndi zikwa za tizilombo, dzombe, kafadala ambiri, weevils, udzudzu.
3. Geox. Environmental gulu la ziweto limene nthaka - pogona osakhalitsa, pothawirapo, malo atagona ndi kuswana. Zitsanzo: kafadala ambiri, tizilombo burrowing nyama zonse.

Mndandanda wa nyama zonse gulu lililonse ndi mbali yofunika ya wonse kundipatsako unyolo. Komanso, luso lawo moyo ndiyo khalidwe la nthaka, samoobnovlyaemost awo ndi chonde. Choncho, udindo wawo n'kofunika kwambiri, makamaka masiku ano, pomwe ulimi amachititsa nthaka kukula osauka, leached ndi salting kunja mchikakamizo cha feteleza ndi mankhwala, mankhwala ndi herbicides. Nyama nthaka amathandiza kuti zambiri mofulumira ndi masoka kusinthika kwa wosanjikiza lachonde pambuyo aakulu kuukira makina ndi mankhwala ya munthu.

Communication wa zomera, nyama ndi nthaka

nyama m'nthaka osati ndi cholukanalukana kupanga biocenosis wamba ndi maunyolo awo okwanira ndi niches zachilengedwe. Ndipotu, zomera alipo, nyama ndi yaying'ono-zamoyo nawo bwalo ya moyo. Lang'anani, monga zokhudza malo onse. Pano pali chitsanzo yosavuta Mwachitsanzo ubwenzi.

Grass meadows ndi minda ndi chakudya cha nyama lapansi. Anthu nawonso, kutumikira ngati gwero chakudya cha zilombo. Zotsalira za udzu ndi organic zinthu zichokera kwa mankhwala kungotaya nyama zonse mu nthaka. Apa, chifukwa cha tizilombo analandira ndi tizilombo, amene ali detritus. Iwo zotsala zonse decomposed ndipo n'kukhala mchere, oyenera mayamwidwe ndi zomera. Choncho, zomera kupeza zigawo zawo zofunika kukula ndi chitukuko.

Mu dothi kwambiri ili yaying'ono zamoyo ndi tizilombo, rotifers, kafadala, mphutsi, nyongolotsi ndi zina zotero idzakhala chakudya cha wina ndi mzake, choncho mbali zonse za lonse kotunga maukonde.

Choncho zikuoneka kuti nyama zimene zimakhala mu nthaka, zomera kuti moyo padziko, ndi mfundo wamba mphambano, ndiponso ndi mzake kupanga umodzi ambiri mogwirizana ndi mphamvu ya chikhalidwe.

dothi osauka ndipo anthu

Otchedwa nthaka osauka, amene mobwerezabwereza poyera ndi munthu. Zomangamanga, kulimapo, ngalande, dziko reclamation - zonsezi n'kukumana kwa impoverishment nthaka. Kodi anthu ali ndi moyo wotere? Mwatsoka, ambiri. The zochititsa kupirira okhala mobisa ndi mabakiteriya ena protozoans, tizilombo ndi mphutsi yawo. Nyama, nyongolotsi, nematodes, dzombe, akangaude, nkhanu mu dothi izi sangathe kupulumuka, kotero iwo kufa kapena kusiya.

Akunenanso kuti nthaka osauka, imene zili otsika zinthu organic ndi mchere. Mwachitsanzo, kusuntha mchenga. Ichi ndi malo apadera zamoyo zina moyo ndi zipangizo zawo. Kapena Mwachitsanzo, dothi mwamphamvu acidic ndi saline muli anthu enieni okha.

Kuphunzira nyama nthaka sukulu

School of Zoology Inde sasamalira kuphunzira nyama nthaka phunziro osiyana. Nthawi zambiri, ziri basi mwachidule, pa nkhani ya mutu.

Komabe, mu pulayimale pali chinthu chotero monga "kunja dziko". Nyama m'nthaka ndi kuphunzira mu chimango cha nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane. mudziwe limeneli malinga ndi zaka za ana. Kids kulankhula za zosiyanasiyana, udindo mu chikhalidwe ndi zochita za anthu a zachuma, ankaimba ndi nyama m'nthaka. 3 maphunziro kalasi - abwino kwambiri kwa m'badwo uno. Ana ophunzira zokwanira kuphunzira terminology, ndi kukhala ndi ludzu kwambiri chidziwitso, kuti chidziwitso cha pamalo a, kuphunzira chikhalidwe ndi anthu ake.

Chinthu chachikulu ndi kupanga maphunziro chidwi, sanali muyezo, komanso nkhani, ndi ana awo amva kudziwa monga thonje, kuphatikizapo za anthu a chilengedwe nthaka.

Zitsanzo za nyama zimene zimakhala mu chilengedwe nthaka

Kungachititse kuti mndandanda kochepa, kumene kumasonyeza okhala waukulu nthaka. Kumene, kuti izo wathunthu ndithu, chifukwa pali zambiri! Komabe, akuluakulu oimira kuyesa kuzitcha.

Nyama nthaka - mndandanda wa:

• rotifers, nthata, tizilombo, mogwirizana ndi nkhanu;
• akangaude, ziwala, tizilombo, kafadala, millipedes, woodlice, slugs, nkhono;
• , nyongolotsi, nematodes ndi roundworms ena;
• timadontho-timadontho, makoswe Mfuko, voles Mfuko, zokor;
• mbewa yoyenda modumpha, gophers, yoongoka, mbewa, chipmunks.