Nthumwi loyamba alkenes - ethylene. The katundu thupi, kukonzekera, ntchito ya ethylene

Bright nthumwi unsaturated chimasanduka - ethene (ethylene). Katundu thupi: colorless flammable mpweya osakaniza zachiwawa ndi mpweya ndi mpweya. The zedi kwambiri ya ethylene kwa mafuta analandira kaphatikizidwe wotsatira zinthu organic (monohydric ndi dihydric alcohols, ma polima, asidi acetic ndi mankhwala ena).

Magazi mndandanda wa ethylene, SP ² mwakusakaniza

Chimasanduka, ofanana mu kapangidwe ndi katundu ndi ethene amatchedwa alkenes. Mbiri mizu akuti wina kwa gulu - olefins. Chilinganizo ambiri C _N H _2n amasonyeza zikuchokera kalasi lonse la zinthu. Origin kuimira - ethylene, mu molekyulu amene mpweya maatomu kupanga osati atatu koma awiri o-kulankhulana ndi wa hydrogen. Alkenes - mankhwala unsaturated kapena unsaturated wa chilinganizo C ₂ H _4. Ali osokonezeka mu mawonekedwe a mphamvu ndi 2 okha p- ndi m-1 mpweya atomu, ndi elekitironi mtambo, zonse mogwirizana atatu Inu woboola pakati. Matenda amatchedwa sp2-mwakusakaniza. The valency chachinayi cha mpweya anapitiriza mu molekyulu kumachitika π-muzikondana. Mu chilinganizo structural ya kapangidwe khalidwe zimaonekera. Koma zizindikiro osiyanasiyana kulankhulana ndi zithunzi zambiri ntchito mofanana - dashes kapena madontho. ethylene dongosolo imalongosola mogwirizana ake ndi yogwira a magulu osiyanasiyana. Inalowa madzi ndi tinthu zina kumachitika chifukwa chotupa cha kusokonekera π-kumangidwa. Mosavuta valences ali zimalimbikitsa chifukwa ma elekitironi mpweya, wa hydrogen, halogens.

Ethylene: katundu thupi la nkhani

Ethene m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa (kuthamanga mumlengalenga ndi kutentha 18 ° C) - colorless mpweya. Iwo ali wokoma (n'kofunika) fungo, izo ochitachita pa inhalation chomwa mankhwalawa mphamvu pa anthu. Solidifies pa -169,5 ° C, chimasungunula pa zikhalidwe zomwezo kutentha. Zithupsa ethene pa -103,8 ° C. Uyatsa pamene usavutike 540 ° C. Gasi bwino anayatsa, malawi wowala ndi mwaye otsika. Ethylene anali kusungunuka mu efa ndi acetone lomwe zochepa - mu madzi ndi mowa. Anamaliza molar misa zinthu - 28 g / Mole. Wachitatu ndi wachinayi oimira magazi mndandanda wa ethene - komanso gaseous zinthu. The thupi katundu wa chisanu ndi alkenes zotsatirazi osiyana, ali zakumwa ndi zolimba.

Kukonzekera ndi katundu wa ethylene

German sayansi Iogan Beher mwangozi ntchito mowa mu zatsopano ndi moyikirapo sulfuric asidi. Choncho ethene anali woyamba analandira mu zasayansi (1680). Mu pakati pa XIX m'ma AM Butlerov anapereka udindo pawiri, ethylene. thupi katundu ndi zochita mankhwala akhala anafotokoza kudziwika Russian sayansi. Butlerof akufuna structural chilinganizo amasonyeza Kapangidwe ka nkhani. Njira kukonzekera yake zasayansi:

1. Othandizira hydrogenation wa acetylene.
2. Dehydrohalogenation chloroethane mmene anachitira ndi kuikapo maganizo njira mowa wa m'munsi amphamvu (soda) ndi magetsi.
3. Pogawanikana pamawere la tinthu madzi a ethyl mowa (madzi m'thupi). Zimatengera anachita pamaso pa asidi sulfuric. aone kuti pali ake: H2C-CH2-HA → H2C = CH2 + H2O

The mafakitale:

• kuyenga - akulimbana ndi pyrolysis wa chimasanduka;
• dehydrogenation wa ethane pamaso pa chothandizira ndi. H ₃ C-CH ₃ → H ₂ C = CH ₂ + H ₂

ethylene dongosolo anafotokoza zochita zake lililonse mankhwala - inalowa particles C maatomu, amene ali pa ubale awiri:

1. Halogenation ndi gidrogalogenirovanie. The mankhwala a zochita izi halogenated.
2. The hydrogenation (machulukitsidwe wa hydrogen), yokonza ethane.
3. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni kuti diol ya ethylene glycol. chilinganizo ake: o-H2C-CH2-HA.
4. Polymerization malinga chiwembu kuti: N (H2C = CH2) → N (-H2C-CH2-).

Madera a ntchito ya ethylene

Ndi fractional distillation wa mafuta kuti mabuku lalikulu analandira ethylene. The thupi katundu, kapangidwe ndi mankhwala chikhalidwe cha chuma kulola ntchito kupanga Mowa, alcohols halogenated, okusayidi, asidi acetic ndi mankhwala ena. Ethene - polyethylene monomer, ndi chuma kuyambira kwa polystyrene.

Dichloroethane lomwe linakonzedwa ku ethene ndi chlorine, ndi zosungunulira bwino ntchito yopanga polyvinylchloride (PVC). Polyethylene wa otsika ndi kuthamanga opangidwa film, chitoliro, mbale, polystyrene - milandu kwa CD-ROM galimoto ndi zina. PVC - ndi maziko a linoleum, raincoats. Mu ulimi, ethene kukonzedwa zipatso yokolola kuti imathandizira kucha.