Nkhani ya Nkhondo ya 1812: zimayambitsa, zochitika zazikulu, zotsatira

Nkhondo ya 1812 anali mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri. Nkhani kawirikawiri pamene mbali yaikulu ya gawo Russian anali pansi ntchito yake. Nkhondo ndi Napoleon kunakhala mbali yofunika ya nkhondo European m'zaka za m'ma XIX.

prerequisites nkhondo

gulu lalikulu June 12 Napoleon ndi ndinayamba malire mtsinje Neman, ndipo analanda mzinda wa Kovno. Komabe, nkhani ya nkhondo ya 1812 simungathe kuyamba popanda kutchulidwa kwa malo a ntchito imeneyi. Kodi chidakupangitsani masauzande asilikali European amitundu yosiyanasiyana kuonekera mu Russia?

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII ku France panali kusintha, imene analanda ufumu. boma wodzilamula, pang'onopang'ono mphamvu Paris anadza ndi luso ndi otchuka mtsogoleri wa asilikali Napoleon Bonaparte. M'mayiko ambiri European ndiye ankakhala pansi pa ufumu mtheradi. olamulira ndiwofatsa (kuphatikizapo Russian Mfumukazi Catherine II) anali sakugwirizana ndi zochitika kunachitika mu mtima m'dzikoli.

Choncho, ufumu kwa zaka zingapo anapanga mgwirizano ndi France. yokopa zonsezi alephera. Napoleon anali mmodzi wa asilikali amene ankateteza dziko lawo ndi adani. Popeza anayamba kulamulira, ndipo mu 1804 anayamba komanso mfumu. Iwo anayamba ndondomeko iwowo. Tsopano asilikali French analanda m'mayiko ena kuti mwina wotanganidwa kapena kulandira okhulupirika kwa boma la Paris. Si nkhondo mu 1812. Mwachidule, Napoleon anali kulimbana ndi mavuto osiyana kwambiri za nkhondo, umene anali asakhalenso chuma ndi magulu atsopano kutali kwawo.

Zokambirana Alexander I

Nthawiyi, mpando wachifumu Russian anali kulamulidwa ndi Alexander I. Anayamba kuyenda coalitions zingapo ndi Napoleon. Atagonjetsedwa ku Austerlitz mu 1805 ndi zolephera ena angapo mfumu Russian anali kunena pangano pa mawu a mnzake French. Mtendere wa Tilsit mu 1807 pa nthawi anakakhala mkangano pakati pa adani. Komabe, Napoleon analakalaka ulamuliro yomaliza ya World Old. Choncho anaganiza osati kumenya Alexander, ndi kugonjetsa dziko lake. Choncho anayamba kukonzekera nkhondo ya Russia.

Pamene Napoleon anawoloka Niemen, pansi mbendera yake zinali asilikali oposa 500 zikwi. Zinali ija, "tangle" wa mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya. Ndi ino, anagonjetsedwa Austria ndi Prussia, amene nawonso anayamba ena a asilikali ake ankhondo Napoleonic. Mwalamulo asilikali mapangidwe otchedwa Great Army. Zimayambitsa nkhondo ya 1812 kugona chakuti French hegemony mu Europe sanathe wamuyaya. Napoleon anali kutsutsa aliyense mnansi latsopano. Mu 1812, dziko lino anali Russia.

Ngati Russia anali yokhala ndale dziko, United Kingdom akadali mu mkhalidwe nkhondo ndi France. Napoleon ankafuna kuononga chuma British ndi staging ndi anatseka misewu chokhala. Russia wakhala zofunika malonda okondedwa kwa UK, kotero Napoleon analimbikitsa Alexander kukhalabe embargo ake pa kusaina Mtendere wa Tilsit. Komabe, mu St. Petersburg sanafune kupita zonsezi akumane ndi ayesera njira iliyonse zotheka circumvent pangano. Amenewa anali zimayambitsa nkhondo ya 1812. njira ina, koma ndi chiyambi cha kuwukira pakati pa maiko awiri ndi zotsutsana zambiri. Ndi silikukambapo za nkhani zawo sizikanakhala lathunthu 1812 nkhondo.

strategy Napoleon ndi

Kusankha malangizo a nkhonya yake yaikulu, Napoleon anaima pa Moscow. Russia anali wamkulu kwambiri yomweyo kutenga lonse la m'gawo lake. Kuwonjezera Moscow, ikufotokozedwanso njira ndi kuukira Kiev ndi St. Petersburg, koma iwo anakana. Mu Russia, chifukwa nzeru ankadziwa ntchito pang'ono Napoleon. Choncho, boma linali mofulumira Mikhail Kutuzov mwamsanga kuthetsa nkhondo ndi Turkey, kukhala okonzekera ntchito yatsopano. Mgwirizanowu mtendere ndi Ottoman yosainidwa mwezi pamaso kuwukira Napoleon a. Malinga ndi izo, Russia analandira Moldova.

Isanayambike Army Wamkulu

Pa miyezi a nkhondo, Napoleon anasamukira momasuka ku Russia. Anakana makamu angapo ang'onoang'ono. Popeza aliyense wa iwo mosavuta wosweka, Alexander analimbikitsa akazembe kugwirizanitsa, kupereka mdani nkhondo. Kudzachita msonkhano wonse unali Smolensk. Nkhani ya Nkhondo ya 1812 zikusonyeza chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha mmene anthuwo mphamvu Russian akhala bwinobwino ophatikizana kupititsa patsogolo anamenyana ndi mdani. August 6 anayamba kumenyana Smolensk, koma tsiku lotsatira, Barclay de A Tolly anaganiza abwerere ku Moscow.

Magulu awiri anasamukira kum'mawa mpaka potsiriza iye anamenyana pa munda wa Borodino. Mu nkhondo pa August 26, mbali zonse anaphedwa kuchuluka kwa asilikali pafupifupi 80 chikwi. chipani ngakhale sanapindulebe chigonjetso. Pambuyo nkhondo ku likulu la Russia anaganiza zochoka ku Moscow. Napoleon analowa mumzinda kanthu. Ndipo anakhala kumeneko pa mwezi. Panthawi imeneyi takhala milandu kawirikawiri looting. Nkhani ya Nkhondo ya 1812 simungakhoze kuchita popanda kutchula otsika makhalidwe mwa asilikali French, amene anali pafupifupi linatseka mzinda zachilendo anafunkha. Napoleon anali opanda chuma. Komanso, patsogolo ozizira, umene French anali bwino asanakonzekere. Kutenga Moscow sanatipatse Napoleon sichithandiza njira. Iye anaganiza zopita kum'mwera kwa dzinja mu nyumba ofunda.

The mthunzi wa French

Komabe, cholinga chake analephera. October 12. French anagonjetsedwa pa Maloyaroslavets, kenako anaganiza abwerere kumadzulo. Pa nthawi imeneyi, a Russian asilikali 1812 kuchita konsati zigaŵenga zankhondo, amene anali kundivutitsa ndi French. Napoleon anayenera abwerere ku zigawo umene imawonongeka miyezi pang'ono. njala Asilikali ake.

November 3 pafupi ndi mudzi wa Red ndi French anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a Kutuzov ndi Miloradovich. Pambuyo pake anayamba misa eksodo. Kuyambira pamene nkhondoyo inatha mu 1812. Mwachidule, Napoleon miscalculated mphamvu zawo. Komanso, anakhala nthawi wapatali pamene wotanganidwa Moscow. December 14 asilikali lotsiriza la Grand Army kumanzere Russia.

Phindu la nkhondo

Zotsatira za nkhondo ya 1812 kwagona kuti Napoleon nayesa kugwila Russia. Iye ankayenera kuti apite kunyumba ndi kanthu. Zimenezi latsopano odana French mgwirizano, umene chaka chamawa wachititsa Bonaparte anagonjetsedwa ku Leipzig. Posachedwapa ulamuliro wake utatha, ndipo iye anali ku ukapolo.