Ndondomeko ya Schlieffen ndi yochepa. Ndondomeko ya Schlieffen inali yotani? Ndondomeko ya Schlieffen ndi ...

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, chiphunzitso cha asilikali chinakhala ndi miyeso yayikulu ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo chinalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko. Kuoneka kwa zida zatsopano, mauthenga, kumanga zombo zamphamvu, zida zazikulu, ndege ndi ndege zimakakamiza akuluakulu a mayiko ambiri kulingalira za nkhondo yomwe idzakhala yam'tsogolo. Panthawiyo, mu 1891, ku Austro-Hungarian General Staff anayamba kupanga ndondomeko yotchuka ya Schlieffen. Mbadwo uwu wa chigamulo cha Germany, ndiye, zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kochititsa manyazi, kachiwiri kumatayika ngati mzimu, kale ndi mawonekedwe atsopano azinthu zamakono. Phunziro la ntchito zamtsogolo sizinapite.

N'zosatheka kuiwala mbiri yakale, idzawakumbutsa ophunzira ovuta okha. Nkhaniyi iwonetseratu mwachidule dongosolo la Schlieffen, chifukwa muwonekedwe mwatsatanetsatane zingatengere malo ambiri, ndipo mfundo zowonjezera sizothandiza. Chidziwikire chili ndi zochitika zandale, zomwe zimachititsa kuti akuluakulu a General Staff azikumbukira Napoleon.

Nthano za nibelungs

Pali nthano za "nkhondo ya Germany" yomwe inagwira ntchito mosapita m'mbali komanso mopanda chifundo, yokonzeka bwino komanso yotsatira chikhalidwe cha Teutonic. Pachilengezo cha chifanizirochi, makamaka ojambula mafilimu, omwe amapanga mafilimu ambiri, pomwe zida zazikulu za "malaya a zitsulo" zimapita patsogolo pa nyimbo zovuta, kuyika manja awo, ndi asilikali kumasoti ovala timadzi timeneti, akukwapula fumbi la msewu. Koma ngati ife tikufufuza zosawerengekazo, ndiye kuti zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zisanafike, asilikali a Germany sanathe kudzikweza okha ndi ulemerero wa nkhondo, ngati chifukwa chakuti dziko la Germany ndi lokha lokha liribe mbiri yakalekale, ndipo machitidwe a olamulira a m'mayiko ena Zachitika nthawi zambiri. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, kupambana kwina kunali (ponena za mtsogolo), koma wina akhoza kulankhula za Aryan militancy yapadera pokhapokha atagonjetsedwa ndi ma Opna a Wagner za Nibelungs ndi Valkyries.

Pakati pa zaka makumi awiri, ndiye Inde, Ajeremani adzisiyanitsa okha. Anayambitsa nkhondo ziwiri za padziko lonse, ndipo onse awiri anagonjetsedwa kwambiri. Pali zifukwa zambiri za izi. Othandiza pazomwe amakhulupirira pazomwe amakhulupirira ndi mbiri ya mbiri yakale amanena kuti kulakwitsa kwa Germany ndiko kusowa kwa chuma ndi zinthu zaumunthu. Otsutsa zamatsenga amasonyeza chisokonezo cha nyenyezi zakumwamba. Panalinso malingaliro okhudza chiwembu padziko lonse lapansi ku Germany, okhwima, amphamvu, koma odalirika. Otsutsawo akuwona chifukwa cha kugwa kwa "nkhondo ya Germany" mu nkhondo zonse zapadziko lonse mwakuti wamenyana nthawi yomweyo amagonjetsedwa.

Komabe, ndizosangalatsa kuganizira zoyesayesa kupanga zolinga zamakono zogonjetsa mayiko oyandikana nawo. Iwo ali ofanana ndi mapangidwe a makina osayendayenda osatha kapena kufufuza mwala wa filosofi. Tsopano zikuonekeratu kuti ntchitoyi ilibe njira yothetsera vutoli, koma imayambitsa chidwi komanso ngakhale kumvetsetsa kwa nzeru za umunthu panthawiyi. Kotero, tikudziwa chiyani za dongosolo la Schlieffen?

Zifukwa za chiyembekezo ndi chiyembekezo

Mwachidziwitso chokha, njira zothetsera sayansi sizigwira ntchito. Sizinangokhalako kuti dongosolo la Schlieffen linakhazikitsidwe. Ntchito imeneyi ya zankhondo-sayansi yazinthu inali yofunidwa ndi utsogoleri wa maulamuliro awiriwa.

Maganizo ankhanza a asilikali a Germany kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi adakhala chifukwa cha zifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, Austria ndi Hungary sizinali ndi maiko ena, zomwe zinali zokhumudwitsa kwambiri kwa akuluakulu olamulira a ufumuwo. Zinthu zakunja za m'mayiko ena zinali ku France, Spain, Portugal, Holland, Denmark komanso dziko la Belgium, lomwe linali losaoneka ngati lopanda ntchito, osatchula za "mbuye wa nyanja" ku Great Britain (panthawiyo inali dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, lalikulu kuposa Ufumu wa Russia ). Kumverera kosautsidwa, nthawi zina kumatchedwanso kaduka, kunazunza Wilhelm II wa Hohenzollern. Koma sizinali zonse, panali mkhalidwe wachiwiri. Pa nkhani ya gulu lankhondo la Germany, panali maulendo aŵiri atsopano, omwe angakhale ovomerezeka mwachidziwitso. Mu 1866 a Prussians, otsogoleredwa ndi von Moltke wamkulu (wamkulu Moltke), anagonjetsa asilikali a Austria ndi Hungary. Victoria anagonjetsanso ku France (1870-1871). Ndiye ngakhale mfumu Napoleon III mwiniwake adatengedwa kundende (pafupi ndi Sedan), ndipo pamodzi ndi 549 zikwangwani ndi asilikali zikwi 104. Izi zinapangitsa kukhala osamala ndi chiyembekezo cha kupambana m'tsogolo. Ngati izi zitachitika, ndiye nchiani chomwe chingalepheretse kupitilira patsogolo? Kodi ndiko kusowa ndondomeko yabwino ya usilikali? Inde, asilikali enieniwo akuyenera kukhala apamwamba, ndi zipangizo zamagulu, koma chinthu chachikulu ndicho chiphunzitso. Chigawo choyamba chikuyenda apa, chachiwiri - apo, ndi zina zotero.

Zovuta

Komabe, zina sizinawathandize kukhala ndi chiyembekezo. Iwo anali kulingalira kuti dongosolo la Schlieffen linakhazikitsidwa. Izi, choyamba, kufunika kochita nkhondo kumbali ziwiri. Onse a Bismarck ndi Field Marshal Moltke ankakhulupirira kuti pakadali pano kugwa kunali kosapeŵeka. Chowonadi chiri chakuti kale mu nthawi yofotokozedwa kuti kupambana pa nkhondo kunkadalira kwambiri pazomwe zimayambira. Liwu limeneli limatanthauza mphamvu yolimbikitsa, kuphatikizapo anthu, mafakitale ndi zipangizo. Koma pankhani imeneyi si Austria-Hungarian kapena Ufumu wa Germany ungadzitamande chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake. Kwenikweni, chinali chifukwa chogwira ntchito zomwe Schlieffen anakonza. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kunali koyenera kulimbana mofulumira ndi kupambana.

Otsutsa kwambiri omwe anali otsutsawa amatchulidwa mayiko awiri: Ufumu wa Russia ndi France. Mmodzi ali Kumadzulo, winayo Kummawa. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, malire ochokera kumbali ya French ndi olimba kwambiri.

Teutonic chinyengo

Ndondomeko ya Schliiffen inapereka ndondomeko ya nkhondo pazigawo ziwiri ngakhale kuti Bismarck akutsutsa mfundo. Kusungirako kunali chimodzi: izi ziyenera kukhala zaufupi. Kwenikweni, chifukwa cha ntchito zolimba za Triple Alliance, mmodzi wa otsutsa wamkulu ayenera kugonjetsedwa kanthawi kochepa, ndiyeno kunali koyenera kusinthitsa mphamvu zonse ku yachiwiri, zomwe simungathe kuthamanga, ngakhale kuti musayambe. Pokhala cholinga choyamba cha kupatulidwa, dongosolo la Schlieffen limatchedwa France. Monga tanenera kale, malire ake adalimbikitsidwa mokwanira, ndipo kuukira kwachangu kunatha. Komabe, ku West, dziko la Austria-Hungary ndi Germany linatsimikiziridwa kuti lidzagwedezeka mwamsanga, zomwe sizingavomerezedwe, pakuti iyi ndi njira yogonjetsera. Zinkawoneka kuti panalibe njira yothetsera. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe cholinga cha Schlieffen chinapangidwira chinali njira yothetsera vuto lovuta. Hitler anagwiritsanso ntchito mu 1939.

Kuthamanga, kuwonongeka ndi chinyengo

Belgium inali dziko losalowerera ndale, chitetezo chake chinatsimikiziridwa ndi Britain, Russia, France, Austria-Hungary, ndipo, njira, Prussia (tsopano ndi Germany). N'chimodzimodzi ndi Luxembourg. Chigawo cha asilikali m'mayiko awiri omwe salowerera ndale chinapanga dongosolo la Schlieffen. Kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa 1839 sikudakhudze konse wolemba wa lingaliro. Anadziŵa kuti atangotengedwa kumene ku Belgium nkhondoyi idzafika ku Britain, koma kugwidwa kwakukulu kunapangidwa ndi liwiro la mphezi. Mphepo iyenera kukhala yofulumira komanso yamtima - ku Paris. Pambuyo pake, kuthamanga kwa mphamvu ya ku Britain kumakhala kovuta, asilikali a ku France amamenyedwa ndi kuzungulira, ndipo anthu a ku Russia akuyendayenda, koma panthawi yomwe iwo adzapeza ... Zowonjezera, mphamvu zonse za ufumu wa Austro-Hungary zidzawakantha ndipo sizidzaima. Ichi chinali chofunikira cha dongosolo la Schlieffen: mwamsanga, mkati mwa masiku 40-50, kugwirizanitsa ndi France, kuthamangitsa Britain kuchoka pa gombe ndikubwerera ku Russia. Sikofunika kuti tigwire zonse-ndizitali komanso zotsika mtengo, ndipo sizinali zopanda kanthu (ndiye zimakhulupirira), koma madera ena akumadzulo, makamaka Poland ndi dera la Baltic, akhoza kuchotsedwa.

Ndi ndani amene anali kudzamenya nkhondo

Ndondomeko ya Schlieffen inapereka ndondomeko ya nkhondo yolimbana ndi mayiko atatu omwe anali opambana ndi zankhondo ndi Triple Alliance. Britain inali ndi zombo zankhondo zamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse, zomwe Germany sizinathe konse kulenga. Ufumu wa Russia unali ndi gulu lankhondo lalikulu lomwe linayambika kale, lomwe linali ndi chakudya chabwino kwambiri (palibe makadi odyera ngakhale ataperekedwa kwa anthu ena onse) ndi malonda otetezera omwe angathe kupanga mitundu yonse ya zida. France nayenso anakonzekera nkhondo. Ndondomeko ya Schlieffen inachititsa kuti chiwonongeko chofulumira chazowonongeka mu malo owonetserako ntchito. Kulimbana ndi maiko a Great Britain kunadziwika kuti ndi nkhondo yapadera, osati yofunika kwambiri, ndipo asilikali a ku Russia, malinga ndi iye, ayenera kukhalabe pamtunda wa Galicia-kum'mwera kwa Poland.

Gwero la kudzoza

General Alfred von Schlieffen, yemwe adatsogolera akuluakulu a boma la Germany, sanali katswiri chabe, komanso wolemba mbiri wankhondo. Nkhani yomwe ankakonda kwambiri kuyambira ali mwana, anaganiza za nkhondo ya Cannes (216 BC), pomwe Hannibal anagonjetsa asilikali achiroma, ndikuwakumbatira molimba mtima kuchokera pamphepete mwa mphete ziwiri. Mwachidule, ndondomeko ya Schlieffen imabwereza mwachidule chipangizo ichi, ndikupanga asilikali osasunthika pamodzi ndi kudula kwa asilikali ambiri a ku France kuchokera kuzinthu zowonjezera, mabungwe awo a blockade ndi kusokoneza.

Kuphatikizanso, ntchito zina zomwe Bonaparte anachita kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zinatengedwa monga zitsanzo. Njirazi zimakhala zoyenera panthawi yomwe amachita ku Ulaya masewera olimbitsa thupi, omwe amadziwika ndi maulendo ang'onoang'ono komanso maulendo akuluakulu a sitima zapamtunda. Potsirizira pake, dongosolo la Schlieffen linavomerezedwa ndi lamulo la magulu onse a Austria-Hungary, Italy ndi Germany, ngakhale kusintha kwake. Chowonadi ndi chakuti wolemba wake anagwidwa manyazi. Anachotsedwa pa ntchito yake, ndipo m'malo mwake, Colonel General Moltke, Jr., adasankhidwa kuti atsogolere a General General Staff. Mwina dzina lake lotchuka linathandiza kwambiri.

Chopereka cha General Moltke Wamng'ono

Sidziwika kuti ntchitoyi ikanatha bwanji ngati dongosolo la Schlieffen lisasinthe. Malinga ndi ndondomeko yoyamba, magulu akuluakulu a asirikari asanu ndi awiri adathamangira ku Paris, pomwe imodzi yokha inasonyezedwa motsutsana ndi Russia. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, lamuloli linali lodziŵa kuti akhoza kutaya (kanthaŵi) Alsace, Lorraine ndi East Prussia. Izi "gambit" zinaloleza kupeza nthawi yowonongeka kwathunthu ku France. Komabe, Moltke, Jr. adapeza chisanu ndi chiwiri choyang'ana pa Western Front kwambiri ndipo anachepetsa chiwerengero cha ankhondo pa atatu. Kuonjezera apo, adalimbikitsa chigawo chakummawa (kachiwiri chifukwa cha asilikali opita ku Paris). Ndondomeko ya Schlieffen inavomerezedwa ndi kusintha koteroko komwe kunalibe kanthu koyambirira. Kuwerengera kwa kuti mothandizidwa ndi zoyendetsa sitima zapamsewu zingatheke kuti muthamangitse ku Russia kutsogolo gulu lalikulu la asilikali, zatsimikiziranso kuti sizolondola. Pamapeto pake, zomwe zinachitika zinali zoopsa kwambiri kwa Schlieffen. Blitzkrieg inalephera, Austria adagwidwa mu nkhondo. Icho chikhoza kuthera mu kugonjetsedwa.

Zinali zosavuta pamapepala ...

Chifukwa cha chilungamo, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti palibe munthu m'mbiri ya anthu amene adatha kukwaniritsa dongosolo lililonse la nkhondo. Zifukwazo zinalizonse, zowonjezera, komanso, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo anali zolinga. Ndiye chisanu mwadzidzidzi chinagunda, ndiye, m'malo mwake, matope ndi matope. Kuwerengera kuti gulu lankhondo la Russia likanakhala wovuta wotsutsa, wopusa ndi wopusa, linakhala lolakwika. Ngakhale kuti gulu lolimba la 80,000 linalimbikitsa malo otetezeka a Aussia, sanathe kuletsa zoipazo, zinayamba mofulumira ndipo zinadetsa nkhaŵa kuti Berlin idzagwa mtsogolo kuposa dziko la France likanakhoza kugonjetsedwa. Gulu la 1 la Russia kufupi ndi mzinda wa Germany wa Gumbinnen linagonjetsa gulu lankhondo la German VIII. Kulephera kwa dongosolo la Schlieffen kunakhala koonekera kwambiri.

Kuvutika kwa Alfred von Schlieffen

Wolemba mwatsatanetsatane anafotokoza chikhalidwe cha gulu lirilonse la asilikali, kayendetsedwe kake ndi kayendedwe ka zochita. Ndondomeko ya Schlieffen mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Yadziko lonse ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kufufuza mosamala za zonse zomwe zingatheke, zomwe panthawiyo panalibe ofanana. Ntchito yake inapita kwa zaka zingapo, ndipo chiwerengerocho chinaperekedwa kuti chigwire ntchito ndi kutentheka kwa wowona mtima wachisokonezo kapena wonyenga. Nthaŵi zina ankachita ngati wamisala, m'madera okongola omwe amangoona zinthu zokhazokha ndikuwona mitsinje kapena nyanja ngati zitsime zamadzi zomwe zinayenera kukakamizidwa. Schlieffen sanakhale ndi moyo kuti awone nkhondo, koma iye ankaganiza za izo nthawi zonse. Malingana ndi nkhani za anthu pafupi naye, iye, akufa mu 1912, anapempha kuti asafooketse asilikali kumbali yakanja. Mwachiwonekere, Moltke, yemwe anabwera kudzalowe m'malo mwake, sanamvetse bwino zomwe Schlieffen anakonza, komanso momwe kusintha komweku kunam'khudzira kungakhale. Komabe, palibe umboni wakuti chikalatacho chinapangidwa mosavuta. Momwemo, pangakhale zolakwika, ndi zowonongeka.

Vuto la Mafilimu

Schlieffen anali msilikali ndipo samamvetsetsa pang'ono mu ndale. Monga katswiri wodziwa bwino ntchito, adachita khama kuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana, osasamala za zotsatira za "zotsatira zake". Belgium, yomwe inagwidwa ndi zida zamphamvu, inakhala chizindikiro cha kukwiyitsa kwa Triple Alliance ndipo ndithudi inali chifukwa choletsedwa ku Austria-Hungary ndi Germany. Ku Britain kunkaphwanyiranso kwambiri zachuma pazinthu zoyendetsera chuma, ndipo Royal Navy inayesetsa kuthetsa kuyankhulana kwa nyanja. Anakhudza kwambiri maganizo, omwe anali ndi chikumbumtima cha alangizi a Germany omwe Schlieffen anakonza. Kupha koyamba ku Ulaya kunali kosatheka kudziwika, koma panali munthu amene anaganiza kuyesanso. Kuyambira kumeneku kunayambika mu 1939 ndipo patatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kenako kugonjetsedwa kwathunthu ku Germany. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mlingowu unapangidwanso kuti udziwitse mwamsanga (nthawiyi ndi mawonekedwe akuluakulu a zida zankhondo) ndi kuponderezedwa kwa mphezi kwa kutsutsa adani. Zinkawoneka ngati zochepa kwambiri, ndipo mdani adzagonjetsedwa. Nkhondo yapachigawo ziwiri inachititsanso ngozi. Kukhulupirira kuti mphamvu yonse ya blitzkrieg inali ndi nthabwala yoipa, makamaka ngati chiwonongeko cha Russia. Kodi phunziroli lagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yamtsogolo?