Ndinatsegula Vasco da Gama? Ulendo Vasco da Gama

M'badwo wa Apeza - ndi yosaiwalika kwambiri mbiri ya anthu. Kumene, anthu a North ndi South America ndi chodziwikiratu kuti inunso mukuvomereza izi, koma chitukuko wathu phindu la kafukufuku ndi zoopsa. Mayina a wolimba akazembe ulemerero nyengo muyaya okhala mu zolembedwa m'mbiri, koma chifukwa tsopano ndikudziwa wophunzira aliyense.

Koma si aliyense Lembani zomwe woona wa akulu awa. Siyense Mwachitsanzo, yankho la funso limene anatsegula Vasco da Gama. Ndicho chimene ife timayang'ana pa izo mu nkhaniyi.

yachitika zikuluzikulu yonena za

Vasco da Gama (1460-1524) - dziko wotchuka Chipwitikizi kuyenda panyanja, amene anadza pa nthawi ya atulukira kwambiri. Umatchuka ndi kukhala woyamba m'mbiri kunapangitsa njira nyanja ku India. Pa nthawi ina ngakhale unachitikira malo apamwamba a viceroy Chipwitikizi India. Mwachidule, ndi yonena za Vasco da Gama wolemera zochitika kwambiri.

Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti mpainiya m'lingaliro mosamala mawu sanali (mosiyana ndi Magellan). Ngakhale Hristoforu Kolumbu anayenera thukuta kutsimikizira mphamvu akhale kufunika kukonza ulendo wa Vasco da Gama ndi nkhani zimenezi anali sanachite. chifukwa n'lakuti mfumu anamuika kukhala "anatulukira njira nyanja ku India."

Yapamadzi mwayi ndi kampeni mabungwe: ndipo gulu lake amapatsa zabwino zonse, podziwa kufunika kwa chochitika.

Pamene tikuyamba pa yonena za Vasco da Gama? About zambiri mayi ake nlosadziŵika, koma bambo ake anali a kalasi wakale ndi olemera knightly. The adzagonjetse a m'nyanja anali ndi abale asanu ndi mlongo.

Kuweruza ndi "inde" m'dzina lake, banja lake ndithudi a anthu otchuka apamwamba. Malinga ndi azambiriyakale Chipwitikizi, mmodzi wa makolo a Vasco da Gama (yonena za mlendo akutitsimikizira nkhani imeneyi) kamodzi anadziwika nkhondo yomenyana ndi Asilamu otchedwa a Moor, amene anali kupatsidwa knighthood.

Kodi ophunzira ngati anatulukira tsogolo la njira nyanja ku India? Kalanga, payenera kuti aweruzidwe okha mapazi umboni. More kapena zochepa molondola amadziwika yekha kuti masamu ndi navigation wamng'ono Vasco da Gama anaphunzira Evora. Popeza kuti mfundo isungidwa pa sayansi izi, tikhoza kuganiza kuti zimene Chipwitikizi ankalemekeza anthu amene akwanitsa wakonza njira ndi kuthana ndi sextant a.

Tikumbukenso kuti otchuka Chipwitikizi sakanachitira mwina makamaka pa nkhani zokhudza ntchito yawo. Ngati munthuyo ndi otchuka, koma adakali Knight, momwe izo - basi nkhani asilikali. Popeza kuti kwambiri kapena zochepa kwambiri nkhondo pa dziko Portugal palibe imodzi anatsogolera koma mwachangu kukhala m'dziko kunja, pafupifupi anthu olemekezeka onse panyanja alonda.

Anagwa njira yomweyo ndi achinyamata Vasco da Gama: yonena (kuphatikizapo ukutsegulira), izo zikusonyeza momveka bwino kuti atsogoleri luso mu Portugal panthawi imeneyo anali kwenikweni ayi.

Moyo Vasco da Gama pamaso ulendo wake wopita ku India

Back mu 1492 ena corsairs French anatha kulanda katundu wolemera, amene anapita ku Portugal. Mfumu dziko lino ulemerero sindikanakhoza kupirira impudence Kotero, adawalamulira kuti wachinyamata fuko lomveka kuyenda ndi kuukira Chilango m'mphepete yolanda bwalo onse French zopezeka m'deralo. Poruchenets anakwaniritsa ntchito mofulumira ndi bwino kuti akubawo amayenera kubwerera zonse. Mwina anaganiza, izi Knight wolimba anali Vasco da Gama. Pakuti mtima ndi kulimba mtima mwamsanga anapita kunyumba yachifumu.

Mu 1495 Apwitikizi wachifumu Manuel, amene osati mwachangu redoubled anapitiriza ntchito yowonjezera m'mayiko kudziwika m'madzi, komanso kuganiza kutsegula kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi wopita ku India. Poyamba, mtsogoleri squadron anaikidwa Bartholomew días. Koma mfumu anadziwa kuti ulendo zofunika luso osati zolimba panyanja komanso tanthauzo mwangwiro asilikali. Ndipo chifukwa anali m'malo ndi ngwazi wathu. Kotero ine anatsegula Vasco da Gama m'tsogolo?

Pa njira nyanja ku India

Tikumbukenso kuti kalambulabwalo wa mfumu yogwira anali kale nthawi kuyesa mwayi wake ndi kufunafuna njira dziko. Pangani zinali zovuta, chifukwa lonse kumpoto gawo la Africa lili m'manja mwa Asilamu otchedwa a Moor zatchulidwazi. Pokhapokha kudutsa kum'mwera kwa Sahara, izo zikanakhala zotheka kukwaniritsa njira ankafuna.

Mu 1487 ndawala anamuka ulendo kwambiri. Mpingoyo unali otsogoleledwa ndi akapitawo odziwa - Peru da Covilhã ndi Afonso de A Paiva. Poyamba anatha kukwaniritsa kufunika India popereka uthenga kwa dziko la kuthekera chotero kusintha. Kale mu 1488 Bartolomeu días kwa phunziro mwatsatanetsatane kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa Black M'dziko. Zinaoneka kuti John II ndi za kukhala amphamvu lipenga khadi pa dzanja - njira India kuti anaonetsetsa otaya azilandira chuma. Ndiye n'chifukwa Vasco da Gama ndi atulukira njira nyanja ku India akhala wotero yosaiwalika m'mbiri ya Portugal, ndi lonse la chitukuko anthu?

Tsoka naye mwinamwake: mfumu afa yekha wolowa nyumba, ndi chifukwa pafupifupi mwathunthu inaimitsidwa kwa ndondomeko ntchito. Komabe, iye akanakhoza kuchita zambiri: mwachitsanzo, kuti apite maulendowa inamangidwa ndi mndandanda lonse la zombo woyamba kalasi, amene kapangidwe pa nthawi kuvala wowopsa Bartolomeu días.

Ngati mfumu yamwalira mu 1495, Manuel I - m'malo mwake - woyamba ganizo wamng'ono wa India. Koma vuto lonse ndale zachitika mu njira yakuti popanda chakhala zosatheka posachedwa. Fast pokonzekera ulendo kwambiri anapitiriza.

Zida za ulendo woyamba

Pa zimene chombo unachitikira ulendo wa Vasco da Gama? Pa mutu wa squadron anaimirira, "San Gabriel". A ofanana kalasi chombo, "San Rafael", anabwera pansi pa lamulo la Paulo - mbale wa Vasco da Gama. wamphepo awiriwa adali m'gulu otchedwa kalasi Nao. Awa anali sitima zazikulu kwambiri, amene anafika ndi kusamutsidwa matani 120-150. Chifukwa waukulu matanga lalikulu angathe liwiro yabwino, koma iwo anali zosamveka bwino, koma osati kwambiri amakonda oyendetsa kupiphatisa kusintha yaitali popanda womangidwa pagombe.

Zotsutsana anali flagship "Berry". ngalawa ili - nimble agile caravel. Iwo anali okonzeka ndi slanting matanga, analamula Nicolau Coelho. Pomaliza, squadron anali gawo la yonyamula, mwina dzina kapena zina kuti si kusungidwa.

About navigation

N'zosadabwitsa kuti ndi chisamaliro choterocho kwa gulu la maulendowa kwa zida zake allocated bwino kuyenda panyanja zipangizo za nthawi. Chief kuyenda panyanja anakhala Peru Alenquer. Izi Woyendetsa Sitima Yapamadzi kwambiri kale mwangwiro asonyeza mu kampeni días (imene ife tatchulazi). Kuwonjezera alonda chachikulu pa bolodi anali wansembe, mlembi zakuthambo. Kuusamalira omasulira ochepa amene anathandiza polimbana ndi mbadwa ya. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri ena, chiwerengero cha oyendetsa anafikira anthu 170.

mwambo zachifundo

Masiku amenewo, panali mwambo chidwi. Pa bolodi yokopa ngati kutenga akaidi. Kumene, tikuchita si kuti atchule kukongola akaidi m'mayiko kunja. Iwo ntchito ngati linzake, kumenya komanso zinthu zina pamene simukufuna pachiswe miyoyo ya oyendetsa zonse. Komabe, okha ndi akaidi zinali "kuwala pamapeto a mumphangayo." Ngakhale kuti tchimo lirilonse limene anthu anachita kuthengo, analandira ufulu wa panyanja ku mapeto. Ngati ankakhala, kumene.

zakudya

Kumbukirani ife otchulidwa za m'chombo zoyendera? Phatikizani mu ulendo anayamba kuchokera pa nthawi ya días, pamene njira ngati watsimikizira efficacy apamwamba. Pa chotengera yosungirako chinali kotunga yaikulu chakudya, mitundu, yopuma ngalawa zipangizo. Zakudya zochuluka sanali kuwala timu: phala, corned ng'ombe, masikono. Komanso, muyezo solder munali pang'ono vinyo. Zitsamba ndi zipatso, nsomba ndi watsopano nyama yotengedwa mphamvu okha oyendetsa pa magalimoto.

Onse ndi anyamata anapereka malipiro abwino (kupatula "battalion chilango"). Chifukwa cha chikondi maulendo nyanja kokayenda palibe anapita. Komabe, ulendo wa Vasco da Gama kunali ntchito mwangwiro malonda, kotero kuti n'zosadabwitsa siziri chimodzimodzi kutero.

Zombo za squadron anali atakonzekera?

Ndi nthawi zida pa zombo apita patali mortars anthu wosazindikira, amene ubiquitous m'nyengo oyambirira. Aliyense wa "NAR" sanali ndalama zosakwana 20, ndipo akukonzani ndi khumi Caravel mfuti. zida Personal zinkafanana ndi timu Spanish: chapachifuwa chomwecho ndi halberds, daggers ndi malupanga. Palinso anali ochepa muskets ndi mfuti. Quality ndi kuchuluka kwa handguns anali ochepa kwambiri moti wokondwa kwambiri pa zotsatira za podwala, izo zambiri sinabweretse.

8 pa July 1497 ndi chachikulu ulemu squadron tidapita ku doko la Lisbon. Njira anapita wofufuza wamkulu wa chi - Vasco da Gama. Kupezeka kwa India (kapena kani, njira nyanja uko) anali pafupi!

Yambani kampeni

mlandu mu mode yachibadwa: zombo m'ngalawa pamodzi Serra Leone. Masuku pamutu malangizo abwino días ulendo kwambiri anawasiya kumadzulo kusochera tingapewere headwind amphamvu. Iye yekha, poyamba, kale kutali sitima pa chombo osiyana, wakuti wa mpanda wolimba wa Elmina Castle. Pali días watenga malo commandant.

Nthawiyi, zombo athu kale mbedza chidwi ku nyanja ya Atlantic, kenako kachiwiri anaona gombe Chipwitikizi ya Black M'dziko. November 4, 1497 panali mbadwa yofunika kwambiri nangula mu Bay, amene nthawi yomweyo analandira dzina la St. Helena. Adalira analandira malangizo kwa magalimoto yaitali, SITIMA akadali kwambiri wapabanja ku nyanja lotseguka, koma agwire ntchito onse analephera. M'njiramo akadali anatha kupeza nthuli zina za dziko limene panopa zigamba amasowa zombo. Apa mmene Vasco da Gama anapeza zilumba bwinja.

Anthu wamba anali ankhanza kwambiri. Komabe, anapatsidwa chiwerengero cha amalonda mu malo n'zosadabwitsa izo sizinali. Vasco da Gama mwini imodzi skirmishes muvi mwendo, ndiye squadron n'kupita.

Koma mayeso chachikulu chinali kudza. Movutikira, popeza atazungulira Cape a Mphepo Yamkuntho (Good Hope), zombo waponya nangula mu Bay a Mossel Bay. Hulking yonyamula nyengo kukupiza kwambiri kuti anayenera kuwotcha. Mwamwayi, mbadwa kumeneko wokoma kwambiri ndi anzake, choncho sangakhale yekha popanda chopinga kukonza ngalawa, komanso kubwezeretsanso madzi ndi chakudya amapereka. njira tsogolo anagona kumpoto chakumadzulo.

perfidy Arab

December 16, 1497 panyanjawa anaona wosaiwalika otsiriza positi, omwe anasiya días ulendo kumbuyo mu 1488. Onse ankachita monga malodza abwino, ndi premonitions anakwaniritsidwa: wonse mwezi ulendo zapita popanda kuchedwa ndi ngozi. Izi kukuchitika chifukwa chakuti zombo ulendo napita m'mbali mwa gombe lotukuka ndithu.

chakuti gombe kum'mawa kwa Africa kalekale ankalamulira wa Arabic, ndipo iwo akudziwa kuti, motsutsana ndi theka molapitsa mafuko a kugombe la kumadzulo, odziwika mu Europe. Makamaka chifukwa cha ichi, ndipo anadutsa ndithu mwamtendere (kwa zaka) maulendowa wa Vasco da Gama. Nyanja wopita ku India adatenga miyoyo ya oyendetsa ambiri, koma iwo anafa chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi ndi matenda opatsirana.

Ngakhale Nkhondo za Mtanda, maganizo kwa iwo chinali chovomerezeka ndithu, komabe popanda mavuto.

Mwachitsanzo, Mozambique anayamba mikangano ndi utsogoleli m'deralo. Ndipo izo sizinali mu chipembedzo, amene amakayikira kwambiri Aluya zambiri tcheru pang'ono, koma kuti amalonda m'dera amaganiziridwa mpikisano Chipwitikizi. Vasco da Gama sanali ngongole, pang'ono kuwombera kugombe m'chipululumo.

Mu madoko a Mombasa ndipo Malindi ulendo anakumana si bwino kwambiri. Oddly okwanira, koma sheikh m'dera kuwalandira monga abwenzi. Komabe, iye anali ndi zifukwa zake: Apwitikizi mosavuta zinkandisangalatsa anasaina mgwirizano pangano adani ena ofanana. Mu Malindi ulendo atakumana amalonda a ku India. Great mavuto ndiponso ndalama ndalama zambiri kupeza njira yodalirika kwa katswiri woyendetsa. 20 May 1498 flotilla zombo anafika kugombe la India.

Vasco yoyamba kukaona mzinda wa Calicut (tsopano Kozhikode). meya kuwalandira alendo ndi mwambo waukulu. Koma apa, amalonda Muslim anayamba kachiwiri amaika ndodo mu gudumu. Kugwirizana ndi meya sakuyenda zikuchepa, malonda zoipa. Komabe, anatha kupeza kugulitsa kwambiri wa miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi zonunkhira. Malinga ndi mwambo wakale, Vasco da Gama mudzalipidwa nzika osayamika, anafika ku makoma a mitima angapo natenga angapo Anagwiranso. Mu Goa, Apwitikizi anayesa kukhazikitsa wamalonda chinthu, koma apa iwo analephera.

Njira nyanja kuti kugombe la India - amene anatsegula Vasco da Gama!

kubwerera

Ine ndinachita kutembenukira ndi kubwerera kunyumba. Komabe, kudandaula za anali tchimo kufufuza mtunda, Gona malonda, ngakhale bwino, anakhazikitsa. Kenako, anali chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuti akhazikitse ulamuliro Chipwitikizi m'madera amene Zimenezi zimathandiza kwambiri yekha Vasco da Gama. apaulendo Wamkulu wa zaka zambiri kukhala aluso andale ndi atsogoleri a asilikali, choncho palibe zodabwitsa mfundo za mbiri wake kumeneko.

Koma kuti anali kubwera, malingana ngati Oyendetsa anali yaitali yoopsa mmbuyo. Iwo amangokhalira achifwamba Chisomali (mmene wamng'onoyo anasintha zinthu m'deralo), kutentha kwambiri, ndi matenda zakudya. Wachiwiri January 1499 mumzinda wa Mogadishu anali "chifukwa kupewa" moto mfuti, ndiye squadron walunjika Malindi.

zosangalatsa

January 7, 1499, anafika mumzinda bwino kumene kenako kutenga kupuma ku nyanja ndi sitima zokhumudwitsa zikayamba. Ndipo nthawi iyi, Sheikh anapereka chakudya chabwino ndi nyumba, koma chifukwa masiku asanu okha timu perked mmwamba kwambiri.

Njira anapitiriza, koma popanda imfa: January 13 pafupi Mombasa chifukwa kutayikira aakulu kachiwiri anali kunena tiwonana wina wa ziwiya. Mwa mwezi wa April, ilibe zatha akadali anakwanitsa kufika Cape Verde. Nyumbayi inali kale kumeneko. Kuti akatsimikizire mabanja ndi mfumu anatumiza chombo, amene anali woyamba kuti akalalikire uthenga wa bwinobwino ulendo wa. Pa nthawi yomweyo Vasco m'bale, Paulo, akudwala, koma chifukwa kapitawo anakhala yekha.

Only kumapeto kwa August (kapena September) mu 1499 mabwinja a sitima monyadira nakocheza pa doko la Lisbon. Ndicho chimene anatsegula Vasco da Gama. Marco Polo ndi panyanja ena wamkulu wa zaka zapitazi ankayenera kukhala onyada la zochitika za mnzake wake!

Tibwerere mphotho

zombo ndi mamembala 55 adalira awiri okha anabwera kugombe kwawo. Koma kwa mfundo ndalama view, bwino mophweka phenomenal: revenues pa malonda ndi Aluya ndi Amwenye nthawi 60 kuposa onse a ndalama kwa gulu la ulendo yokha (!). N'zosadabwitsa kuti dzina la Vasco da Gama ndi atulukira njira nyanja ku India akhala n'chimodzimodzi kwa zaka zambiri!

Manuel ine anasangalala. Vasco ali mutu apamwamba Don, ndi penshioni ndithu ndi malo malo aakulu. Popeza kuti Vasco da Gama anapeza njira kwa India, umene unali wotchuka chifukwa cha chuma chake akale, ulemu ngati n'zosavuta kufotokoza. Komanso, ngwazi athu anayamba kuyandikira mlangizi wa mfumu, kotero kuti mavuto onse sanali pachabe. Mu India, iye adzapita mobwerezabwereza, kuteteza zofuna za dziko lakwawo pa gombe lakutali.

Kumapeto kwa 1524, Vasco da Gama anafa, anataya moyo pa nthaka Indian. Iye akadali anakwanitsa kukhazikitsa malo malonda pa Goa, amene anatsalira pansi pa protectorate la Portugal mpaka cha m'ma 20. Muno ndipo komabe kwambiri ulemu ndi chikumbukiro cha amalinyero lodziwika bwino ndi kutsegula ndi moyo wa Vasco da Gama ndi kusukulu. Iwo chikutchedwa mlatho ku Lisbon, ndi kokha kuchuluka zoyenera luso lake ndipo anachita incalculable.

Tafotokoza kuti anatsegula Vasco da Gama. Tikukhulupirira zimene limafotokoza pamwambapa kukhala zothandiza inu.