Newton - ndichiyani? Newton - muyeso wa chiyani?

Physics monga sayansi kuti amaphunzira malamulo a chilengedwe chathu, ntchito njira muyezo kafukufuku ndi dongosolo yeniyeni mayunitsi. Mphamvu wagawo angathe kukonzedwa N (Newton). Kodi mphamvu, momwe kupeza ndi kuyeza? Tiyeni tione izi mwatsatanetsatane.

mbiri chidwi

Isaak Nyuton - wotchuka English wasayansi ya atumwi XVII, amene anapanga amathandiza kwambiri chitukuko cha sayansi zimatsatira. Kuti iye ndiye tate wa sayansi zachikhalidwe. Iye anali wokhoza kufotokoza malamulo ndi matupi yaikulu m'mwamba, ndi mbewu ka mchenga adatengedwa ndi otaya mphepo. Mmodzi wa atulukira chachikulu akuti ndi chilamulo cha kukoka chilengedwe ndi atatu malamulo zoyambirira za zimango, limene limafotokoza mogwirizana kwa matupi m'chilengedwe. Kenako, asayansi ena anatha tikuona malamulo a mikangano a mpumulo ndi kuzembera yekha chifukwa cha asayansi atulukira Isaaka Nyutona.

A pang'ono chiphunzitso

kuchuluka thupi wakhala dzina lake polemekeza wasayansi lapansi. Newton - muyeso wa mphamvu. The tanthauzo kwambiri mphamvu tinganene kuti "mphamvu - ndi kachulukidwe muyeso wa zimachitika pakati pa zinthu, kapena kuchuluka uliri mlingo mwamphamvu kapena mavuto matupi."

mphamvu amayezedwa Newtons chifukwa. Izi ndi zimene asayansi atatu zosasintha "mphamvu" la chilamulo zakhazikitsidwa, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri masiku ano. Tiyeni tione iwo zitsanzo.

Lamulo loyamba

Kuti limvetse mokwanila mafunso: "Newton ndi chiyani?", "Unit chiyani?" ndi "Kodi tanthauzo thupi?", ayenera bwinobwino atatu malamulo zoyambirira za zimango.

Woyamba akuti ngati thupi alibe mphamvu iliyonse thupi zina, zidzakhala pa mpumulo. Ndipo ngati thupi likuyenda, pakalibe kanthu pa izo, udzapitirizabe zoyenda ake yunifolomu mu mzere wolunjika.

Tiyerekeze kuti pa lathyathyathya pamwamba pa tebulo ndi mtundu wa Buku ndi kulemera ena. Kutanthauza mphamvu zonse kuchita izo, ife tikupeza kuti mphamvu yake yokoka, umene vertically downwards, ndi mphamvu pansi anachita (Pankhaniyi chigawo) imatsogoleredwa vertically oposa. Popeza magulu awiri moyenera zochita wina ndi mzake, ukulu wa mphamvu chotsatira ndi ziro. Malinga ndi lamulo loyamba Newton, ndi chifukwa chake buku ili m'manja.

Lamulo lachiwiri

Limafotokoza ubale mphamvu kuchita thupi, mathamangitsidwe, amene alandira chifukwa cha mphamvu ntchito. Isaak Nyuton mu chiphunzitso cha chilamulo ichi kwa nthawi yoyamba anagwiritsa ntchito mtengo zonse monga muyeso wa misa kuwonekera kwa inertia, ndi inertia za thupi. Inertia amatanthauza mphamvu kapena chuma cha matupi kusunga malo wapachiyambi, ndiko kukana zinthu kunja.

Chilamulo Chachiwiri kawirikawiri anafotokozedwa ndi chilinganizo zotsatirazi: F = munthu * mamita; kumene F - ndi chotsatira cha mphamvu zonse ntchito kwa thupi, ndi - mathamangitsidwe, thupi chifukwa, ndi mamita - thupi misa. Mphamvu pamapeto pake chimaonetsera makilogalamu * m / s ^2. mawu amenewa kukonzedwa mu Newtons.

Newton Kodi mu sayansi, tanthauzo la zimene mathamangitsidwe ndi mmene zokhudzana ndi mphamvu? Nawa mayankho a mafunso amenewa chilinganizo cha lamulo lachiwiri la zimango. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti lamulo limeneli amagwira ntchito okhawo matupi kusuntha imathamanga kwambiri m'munsi kuwala kumayendera. Pakuti mfundo za velocities pafupi kuwala kumayendera, wakhala ukugwira ntchito kwa malamulo ena ochepa a sayansi ndinazolowera gawo lapadera pa chiphunzitso cha relativity.

Newton M'chilamulo Chachitatu

Mwina malamulo ambiri zomveka bwino, limene limafotokoza mogwirizana kwa matupi awiri. Iye ananena kuti mphamvu zonse zimachitika awiriawiri, ndiye, ngati thupi limodzi amachita pa wina ndi mphamvu zina, ndipo thupi chachiwiri, nayenso ali zimakhudzanso woyamba wa modulo kutithandizanso.

Mawu kwambiri la asayansi a chilamulo motere: "... mogwirizana kwa matupi awiri pa wina ndi mnzake ndi ofanana wina ndi mnzake, koma mbali zosiyana."

Tiyeni tione zimene ndi Newton. Mu sayansi, zinandipangitsa ankaona pa zochitika zenizeni, kotero kupereka zitsanzo zochepa pofotokoza malamulo a zimango.

1. nyama za m'madzi monga abakha, nsomba, achule, kapena kusuntha mu madzi kapena madzi ndi chifukwa mogwirizana ndi izo. Lamulo lachitatu Newton amati ndi zochita za thupi wina ndi mzake nthawi zonse ndi chitsutso, mphamvu zofanana choyamba, koma anatilangizira zosiyana. Pa mfundo imeneyi, Ndizachidziwikire kuti kayendedwe ka abakha ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo amawateteza miyendo madzi kumbuyo tiwolokere okha patsogolo chifukwa ntchito kubwezera choipa cha madzi.
2. Gologolo khola - chitsanzo wabwino wa umboni za lamulo lachitatu Newton. Kodi gologolo khola, mwina aliyense amadziwa. Iyi ndi pulani mwachilungamo wophweka, ndipo akufanana ndi gudumu, ndi ng'oma. Iwo anapereka maselo a ziweto monga agologolo kapena makoswe kukongoletsa angathamange. Mogwirizana kwa matupi awiri, mawilo ndi nyama kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti onse a matupi awa kusuntha. Komanso, mapuloteni ikutha mofulumira, ndiye gudumu amanena pa liwiro lalitali, pamene kubweza pansi, gudumu akuyamba sangathenso pang'onopang'ono. Izi zikutsimikizira kamodzinso kanthu kuti ndi yankho kauntala nthawi zonse wofanana ndi mzake, ngakhale mbali zosiyana.
3. Zonse zakukwawa pa dziko, kusunthira kokha chifukwa "kubwezera choipa kanthu" Dziko Lapansi. Zingaoneke zachilendo, koma kwenikweni kuyenda, ife kuyesetsa kukankhira pansi padziko ina. Ndipo ife tikupita chitsogolo, chifukwa ife akuchotsa dziko.

gulu la muyeso kapena kuchuluka thupi: Newton ndi chiyani?

Iwo akhoza kukhala tanthauzo kwambiri za "Newton" motere anafotokoza: ". Botolo la muyeso wa mphamvu" Ndipo kodi tanthauzo thupi la izo? Choncho, potengera lamulo lachiwiri Newton, kuti phindu otumphukira, amene limanenedwa ngati mphamvu zotha 1 yekha kusintha lachiwiri la makilogalamu 1 thupi mlingo kulemera kwa 1 m / s. Iwo likukhalira kuti Newton - ndi munthu vekitala wambiri, mwachitsanzo, kuti uli ndi ... Tikagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu chinthu, monga akukankha chitseko, tonse kufunsa ndi njira zoyenda, amene, monga mwa lamulo lachiwiri ndi chimodzimodzi malangizo a mphamvu.

Ngati titsatira kachitidwe, likukhalira kuti 1 Newton = 1 makilogalamu · m / s ^2. Pothetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana okonzera nthawi zambiri chofunika kuti amasulire Newton zedi ena. Pakuti mayiko, pamene mfundo zina analimbikitsa kumbukirani chizindikiro zofunika kuti kumumanga Newtons mayunitsi ena:

• 1 H = May ¹⁰ dynes (dyne - wagawo mu dongosolo CGS);
• 1 H = 0.1 kgf (kilogalamu mphamvu - mphamvu mu Mphamvu chinkafunika dongosolo unit wa dongosolo);
• 1 H = 10 ^-3 makoma (wagawo mu MTS dongosolo khoma 1 ndiyofanana ndi mphamvu yomwe imatiuza mathamangitsidwe wa 1 m / s ² chinthu chilichonse thupi matani 1).

Lamulo la kukoka konsekonse

Mmodzi wa atulukira chofunika kwambiri wasayansi amene zasintha maganizo athu a dzikoli, ndi lamulo Newton wa kukoka (yomwe Ndi mphamvu, onani m'munsimu). Ndithudi, iye anali kuyesa kumasulira chinsinsi yokoka Dziko Lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, Iogann Kepler woyamba akufuna kuti si dziko lokha, ali ndi mphamvu ya maginito, komanso matupi okha amatha kukopa Earth.

Komatu Newton anakwanitsa mwamasamu kutsimikizira ubale wa mphamvu yokoka ndi chilamulo cha zoyenda m'mapulaneti. Pambuyo zambiri zatsopano, asayansi anazindikira kuti mfundo osati Earth zimakopa zinthu, koma thupi lonse primagnichivayutsya mzake. Iye anadziŵa malamulo kukoka, umene umati munthu wina, kuphatikizapo zakuthambo, amakokedwa ndi mphamvu wofanana ndi mankhwala a G (ndi Mphamvu zonse) ndi misa ya matupi awiri mamita ₁ * mamita ₂ akufufuta R ² (m'bwalo la mtunda pakati pa matupi).

Malamulo onse ndi Newton anachokera chilinganizo n'zotheka kulenga wathunthu masamu chitsanzo, limene ntchito kafukufuku, osati padziko Lapansi, komanso akutali lathuli.

Kutembenuka mayunitsi

Kuthetsa mavuto ayenera kudziwa mfundo prefixes SI, amene ntchito komanso "Newtonian" mayunitsi. Mwachitsanzo, mu mavuto a zinthu danga, kumene misa lalikulu la matupi, nthawi pakufunika wosalira mfundo zikuluzikulu kuti ang'onoang'ono. Ngati pa chisankho 5000 N akutembenukira, ndiye yankho adzakhala yabwino kulemba 5 kN (kilonewtons). mayunitsi amitundu yosiyanasiyana awiri: multiples ndi boma. Awa ndiwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi: N = 10 ² 1 gektoNyuton (RH); 10 ³ N = 1 kilonewtons (KN); 10 ⁶ N = 1 megaNyuton (MH) ndi 10 ^-2 N = 1 centinewton (CN); 10 ^-3 N = 1 milliNewtons (MN); 10 ^-9 H = 1 nanoNyuton (nN).