Ndi pamwamba kuumitsa wa zitsulo chiyani? N'chifukwa chiyani padziko oipa?

Art kutentha mankhwala zitsulo kudziwika kwa anthu kwa nthawi yaitali. Iwo ali ambuye chinkhoswe mu kupanga zipangizo ndi zida makamaka, iwo anatenga zawo kapena anaphunzitsidwa kwa zaka anthu ena ogwira ntchito, nthawi yaitali. Zinsinsi zobisika, zomwe, kumene, kuchepetsa mlingo wa mayamwidwe wa sayansi, koma kumawonjezera mpikisano wa ntchito mankhwala ina wopanga omveka. Imodzi mwa njira ya armourers akale anali padziko oipa, omwe amapereka kudula m'mphepete ndi malupanga lakuthwa, sabers makamaka kuuma, pamodzi ndi kusinthasintha wa tsamba. Today katundu izi si njira imeneyi anakhala ambiri ndipo ndayamba makope ambiri.

Zimene ziri zonse kudziwa anthu ambiri?

akatswiri Nkhaniyi mu zitsulo matenthedwe Zikuoneka, akonzedwa a platitudes ndi mfundo odziwika. Komanso, akampeze ena kusiyana mu terminology. ntchito zimene sinafike kwa iwo, ukunenedwa kwa anthu, kutali makampani, Amateurs amene ali ndi chidwi kusiyana mu mphamvu ya tsamba wabwino ndi tebulo zonse kapena mpeni yopindika, pamwamba oipa voliyumu, ndi nkhani zofanana. Kugula wina kapena lamanja ena item banja, ogula polimbana ndi mtengo kwambiri kusiyana. The wogulitsa sangathe nthawi zonse mwaluso ndi bwino kufotokoza chifukwa chimodzi chida (a wrench, mwachitsanzo) ndi zambiri mtengo kuposa ena pamene okwana kunja kufanana. Mosakayikira amayesa "kusocheretsa ubongo" osakhoza kwa munthu wamba mwa mfundo msewu ndi mawu. M'chinenero wamba, nkhani izi zikutanthauza kuti wrench wasweka kapena kodi yayitali ndipo zimafunika kukulitsa zochepa kwambiri zambiri (ngati kasitomala akufuna kugula mpeni). "Zinthu mopupuluma kuumitsa!" - mwachinsinsi amasonyeza chifukwa cha wogulitsa, pakubwezeretsa maso ake pa lokondwa kungoganiza. Ndi chiyani icho?

The katundu otsutsana mankhwala umodzi

Monga momwe tikuonera bwino chithandizo mawu kutentha mu nkhani iyi pansi okha wosanjikiza woonda kunja kwa nkhani ino. chakuti zitsulo amafuna oipa, zingaoneke ndimalingalira chirichonse, ngakhale amene sakudziwa chomwe icho chiri. Chimenecho ndiye wosiyana alipidwa "chidutswa cha chitsulo", zofewa ndi Chimaona. Koma n'chifukwa chiyani ulemu amasangalala izo zimaonekera? Tempering ntchito kusintha katundu zitsulo, osati chifukwa cha ena kusintha, monga zafotokozedwera zambiri. Quality, zothandiza zina, amakhala zovulaza ena. Wapamwamba ndi zovuta, chifukwa n'zosavuta pokonza chitsulo, zotayidwa kapena mkuwa, koma ngati inu muyesera maondo, kapena kugunda ndi nyundo, izo osokoneza. N'chimodzimodzinso tsamba anaona, nthawi zambiri akuswa pa cholakwika odulidwa njingayo. Pofuna kuwumitsa pamodzi ndi kusinthasintha ndi plasticity ntchito pamwamba oipa. Pambuyo katundu mankhwala akhoza kuphatikiza quality, nthawi zina zosiyana khalidwe la nyumba osiyana krustalo. Tsopano tiyenera kulowa mu mfundo zina za zipangizo sayansi.

Mfundo losavuta zitsulo polymorphism

Zitsulo chomwecho mwina, malingana ndi mawonekedwe a kophimba Krustalo, adzalandira katundu osiyana thupi (kuuma, kulimba, ductility, kutakasuka, elasticity ndi T. D.) Luso limeneli kusintha magawo makina amatchedwa polymorphism. A kalekale, zotsimikizira zitsanzo wosazindikira zida, anthu anazindikira kuti imodzi kapena zina lupanga kapena chikwanje kunapezeka bwino, akuzisunga sharpness yaitali ambike. Kumene makolo athu sanali bwino kapangidwe maselo a zitsulo asanalowe onse intuitively ndi empirically. Choncho, empirically, anapeza kuti ngati nsonga ya kutentha, kuwala kwa moto wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana zimadalira kutentha kwake. Ndi kuzirala mofulumira mu zitsulo zikusintha, kuyenera mwakhama, kapena amapeza mosavuta. Ngati ankakhulupirira usavutike, izo zimakhala choncho kachiwiri, monga momwe adali, ndi zina poipa. Mwa ndiye anapanga maganizo chindunji za kodi Mwachitsanzo, changwiro kusaka mpeni. Pamwamba oipa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kale, koma nthawi zambiri ntchito otchedwa m'deralo, ndiye ngati imene olimba anali zotsogola, kusintha - pakati pa tsamba, ndi tsamba gawo pafupi ndi chogwirira - pulasitiki (ziri bwino kukhotetsa pang'ono, koma ambike).

Kodi chimachitika mkati

Popanda kupita mwatsatanetsatane, tisaiwale kuti anaumitsa zitsulo kapangidwe ndi mitundu zitatu: martensitic, troostite ndi sorbitol. The chiŵerengero cha nyumba izi galasi ndi amadalira makina makhalidwe. Pankhaniyi, zilibe kanthu kwa iwo ndi momwe bwanji kuuma. The chifukwa zimadalira mmene zitsulo ndi ofunda, ndi momwe mwamsanga ndi utakhazikika. Choncho, pamwamba oipa kumachitika polera kutentha kwa wosanjikiza chapamwamba ndipo anayamba kuzirala kapena ndi zotsatira za kutentha kunja sing'anga (madzi, zambiri mafuta, madzi ndi brine, mpweya kapena wothandizila ena) kapena achire ake tsankho mu mankhwala. masinthidwe Choncho polymorphic zimachitika zigawo, malingana ndi mlingo wa kukwaniritsa kutentha yovuta, zokhudza mapangidwe latsopano dongosolo crystalline.

Chifukwa, pali kusintha pa mbali zotsatirazi:

- Upper, kakusintha kuumitsa.

- wapakatikati, pang'ono idawumitsidwa. Limatchedwanso kutentha anakhudzidwa nthambi.

- Area yafupika kuuma.

- The gawo lamkati ndiribe masinthidwe.

Njira oipa padziko

Pangani wosanjikiza chapamwamba kukhala kuuma mkulu, mu njira zingapo. Railway ngolo ndi akasupe akasupe chabe zipolopolo yaing'ono mipira zitsulo (kuwombera), kupanga pamwamba chisindikizo, ndi buku lamkati la zitsulo ndi mokwanira ductile kupirira nthawi yaitali makina nkhawa. Amaona njira kwambiri wakale wa mofulumira Kutentha nkhani pa moto lotseguka, limodzi ndi kupopera kapena otaya ndege. Ndi chifukwa luso ino miyambo kum'mawa limaoneka lokongola la tsamba (KARAMBIT). Pamwamba oipa akhale ndi kuzirala mwakayakaya. Komanso kudziwika ndi gasi plasma, kupatsidwa ulemu, laser, ndi njira zina. Ena mwa iwo amakonda kukhala mwatsatanetsatane.

HDTV

Cha m'ma 30 ntchentche Soviet wasayansi VP Vologdin anatulukira njira kukwaniritsa anakonzeratu mfundo m'goli pafupi dongosolo la maselo ntchito mkulu-pafupipafupi mafunde. Mawotchi zomangamanga kusiyana mofulumira, makampani zofunika luso kuonetsetsa kuŵeta popanda nsembe khalidwe. Pamwamba oipa HD zachokera chodabwitsa kupatsidwa ulemu. The peculiarity wa njira tichipeza mu pokhala mkangano wosanjikiza makulidwe malinga pafupipafupi ndi ukulu wa pano mu chimango yochokera. Pamene chotsatirachi kwambiri ayenera kuyembekezera Choncho, ulamuliro ndi khalidwe liti wosalira kwambiri. Komanso, njira ndi ntchito mankhwalawa mankhwala akukhudzidwira ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu, monga crankshafts ndi zinthu zina zazikulu kuti ikhoza kusunthidwa kudzera inductor ndi, sequentially kuvumbula utali wonse. Mu njira imeneyi, n'zovuta kusankha magawo pokonza ang'ono ndi lathyathyathya zinthu, monga mpeni. Pamwamba kuumitsa mkulu-pafupipafupi panopa ntchito mankhwala ndi bulky, mphamvu ndi kuvala kukana potsata pa katundu makina a wosanjikiza lakunja.

Features wa ntchito njira HDTV

Njira anayamba kupanga mu chitukuko mofulumira makampani zomangamanga, vuto lalikulu kwa kuthekera motetezera USSR, amene anali chiwonetsero cha limatchula za tanthauzo lake. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri mathirakitala, akasinja, magalimoto kapena ndege ndi miyeso kuti salola kuti kuziika mu chimango cha inductor yaying'ono, zotsimikizira zida aliyense wa iwo anali okwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo ngati kale zochokera kukula waukulu mtengo mphamvu akukhala kwambiri. Komabe, kupatsidwa ulemu pamwamba oipa umagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala onse, kuyambira ochepa kuti lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, magiya ndi ongoyendayenda mkulu pafupipafupi sequentially kutembenuza "dzino kwa dzino." Mosalekeza successively analimbikitsa mfundo za crankshafts ndi driveshafts, kusunthira mkati chimango lokhazikika la inductor ndi m'mene yozizira (sprayer) zili m'gulu mu ndondomeko yomweyo pambuyo. Kolowera osachiritsika mfundo imagwiridwa yomweyo ulimi wothirira splashes madzi workpiece (choncho dzina, consonant ndi "kutsitsi").

Koma mankhwala ndi pamwamba yaing'ono kuumitsa anaika mu inductor kwathunthu ndi utakhazikika komanso.

laser

chipangizo ichi panopa ntchito ambiri zosiyanasiyana za zochita za anthu, ndipo lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito zokhomakhoma. njira sikutanthauza maganizo chifukwa tangoganizirani, monga momwe polojekitiyi mtengo ndi kanthawi kochepa zingamvekere pa wosanjikiza ulemu wa zitsulo, kuchititsa kusintha ankafunila mu dongosolo la galasi. "Laser Kukulitsa" kwenikweni palibe kufunika yaitali wisecrack kudula chida (makamaka iwo ndi ntchito), ngati yopanga ilo kwenikweni ntchito njira imeneyi. Komabe, tiyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti mu m'badwo wathu wa onyenga chizindikiro pa mankhwala sikuti zizigwirizana choonadi. Nthawi zina chotero manyazi chokongoletsedwa ndi kugulitsidwa pa msewu onenepa ena nozh- wotchipa "gulugufe". Pamwamba oipa ndi laser mtengo - zipangizo zamakono wotchipa, ndi yekhayo amene opanga kutsogolera zipangizo.

ozizira

Maziko thupi njira anali atulukira chodabwitsa cha kuwonjezeka kuuma chitsulo chifukwa cha kusintha kapangidwe austenite kuti martensite mu amaundana kwambiri. Yopangidwa oterowo njira pamwamba oipa anayamba A. P. Gulyaevym, N. A. Minkevichem ndi S. Sternberg mu USSR. Ndi ntchito mpweya (okhala ndi maperesenti oposa 0.5 wa C) ndi zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo za ulemu, monga opangidwa kwa kupanga zida mkulu-liwiro kudula ndi zipangizo wapadera mankhwala ena.

Kutentha magetsi

Ambiri, inamangidwa pa mfundo imene oipa kupatsidwa ulemu, ndi kusiyana kokha kukhala kuti Kutentha resistor wapangidwa likuvutika kudutsa lalikulu mfundo panopa ndi mbali kukana. Pafupipafupi Akutsatira voteji mu njira yomweyo amakhudza akuya wosanjikiza amene usavutike, ndi apamwamba ndi, m'pamenenso ndi n'kakang'ono. Pamwamba kuuma akhoza ziwonjezeke kwa timene millimeter kuti angapo mayunitsi ake. Izo zimatengera zofunikira za mankhwala ndi kukula kwake. Poyerekeza ndi njira HDTV electrically resistive kuchokera osiyanasiyana onse a mafunde, kutentha ndi kuya kwa zigawo. Ndi kuti akhoza kupangidwa, mwachitsanzo, ndi champhamvu ndipo amafuna item khalidwe lapadera ngati mpeni msilikali. Pamwamba kuumitsa Kutentha magetsi imafuna kuti ntchito za sayansi calibrated ntchito kuzirala mu mafuta, madzi kapena wothandizila ena teploprinimayuschih.

anapezazo

Choncho, chinthu chachikulu cha kuwuma pamwamba yogawa ngati dongosolo la galasi mwa nkhani, mmene mkati ndi mitundu troostite kapena sorbitol, ndi wosanjikiza kunja aumbike martensite. Izi chingapezeke mwa njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira losavuta ndi ambiri wakale kwambiri zipangizo zambiri zamakono ndi zamakono. Mulimonsemo kuumitsa zitsulo khalidwe kumafuna luso mkulu ndi lolondola zoletsedwa ndi malamulo mafakitale. The mankhwala amapangidwa motsatira malamulo, sakhoza kukhala wotchipa. Pachifukwa ichi, ndi okwera mtengo ndi khitchini mpeni wabwino, ndi KARAMBIT. Pamwamba oipa a laser mtengowo uli ambiri monga kudula zipangizo.