Ndakatulo Taras Shevchenko: yonena za ndakatulo iyi

Mu 2014, Ukraine phwando la chikumbutso 200th wa kubadwa Shevchenko a. Wolemba ndakatulo kwambiri ndi wojambula wakhala mmodzi wa anthu otchuka mitundu dziko. Taras Shevchenko, amene yonena akufotokozedwa m'nkhani ino, anavutika ndi goli la autocracy ndi serfdom. Iyo inali njira yovuta kutongwa kwambiri. Kukanidwa ndi maulalo - ndi tsoka wamba aluso amene sanafune kuti aimike akuluakulu. Nawo kwathunthu ndi Taras Shevchenko. Wambiri ya wotchuka Chiyukireniya ndakatulo ndi wojambula umboni kwa izi. Mudzaphunzira zinthu zambiri zokhudza izo ndi kuwerenga nkhaniyi. Ndipo mukuvomereza chakuti munthu wamkulu anali ndakatulo Taras Grigorevich Shevchenko. Wambiri ndi zithunzi kumakupatsani chithunzithunzi cha iye.

Origin ndi ubwana T. G. Shevchenko

Wolemba ndakatulo tsogolo ndi zojambulajambula anabadwa February 25, 1814 ndi. Morintsy m'chigawo Kiev (tsopano dera Cherkasy). Bambo ake anali serf amene anali m'gulu mwininyumba P. V. Engelgardtu. Taras makolo kukakhala ndi zaka 2. Kyrylivka. Apa iye anakhala mwana wolemba ndakatulo tsogolo ndi zojambulajambula. Mu 1823 Taras mayi anamwalira, ndiye atate kachiwiri m'banja. Osankhidwa anali mkazi wamasiye ake, omwe anali kale ndi ana atatu. bambo Shevchenko anamwalira mu 1825 pamene anali ndi zaka 12 zokha. Choncho anakhala wamasiye Taras Shevchenko. yonena wake ikusonyezedwa pa nthawi ino mavuto ambiri. The mwana anali kukhala zovuta moyo pokhala. Mwamwayi, dziko si popanda anthu abwino. Taras anakhala woyamba pa sexton-mphunzitsi, ndiye pafupi ndi amisiri. Taras Shevchenko pa dikoni sukulu aphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba, ndizosowa zojambula anakumana mu amisiri.

Moyo wa mwini malo Engelhardt

Mu 1828, anakhala mtumiki wa mwininyumba Engelhardt ndi. Vilshany. Taras anali scullion poyamba, ndiyeno kazachkom. Mu 1829, anali mu Vilna, m'nyumba ya mwininyumba, ndipo kenako mu St. Petersburg, pambuyo Engelhardt anasamukira ku likulu (izo zinachitika pa chiyambi cha 1831). The mwininyumba, kupeza kuthekera kudzatunga Taras, anaganiza zomutumiza iyeyo kuphunzira, ndipo kenako la nyumba ya mnyamata wa zojambulajambula lapansi. Choncho 1832 anadza kwa B. Shiryaev, munalidi gulu-ambuye, Taras Shevchenko. Wambiri akupitiriza gawo lake latsopano moyo. Mmodzi wa zojambula ndi Shevchenko anapereka m'munsimu. ntchito umatchedwa "Catherine". chithunzi anali utoto 1842.

Kuzolowerana ndi luso wotchuka

Taras Shevchenko, anapita Hermitage maholide. M'chaka Garden anali kuyandikira fanoli. Taras anakumana pano mu 1836 ndi IM Soshenko, Chiyukireniya wojambula. Iye anapereka mnyamata Grigorovich, Mlembi wa Academy of Tirhana, komanso amisiri Karl Bryullov ndi Venetsianov, ndakatulo V. Zhukovsky. Chofunika kwambiri pa tsoka la Taras anali kulankhula izi.

kupeza ufulu

ziwembu zingapo kumasula Shevchenko ku serfdom anali kucitika. Tiuzeni mwachidule za ena a iwo. Choyamba katswiri Engelhardt anapita kukambirana, koma sizinathandize. Mwenechiroache mundu ndithu ankafuna dipo. Ndiye Venetsianov anapita kwa iye ndi mnzathu pa mtengo. Tarasa Shevchenko kutonthozedwa namkondweretsa nkhawa za iye otchuka Russian luso. Komabe, nthawi zina kuvutika maganizo, nthawi zina ngakhale mtima. The mnyamata wotembereredwa cholowa chake ndipo mwinimunda zinafuna sanamulimbikitse.

Mu autobiography wake, Shevchenko analemba kuti Zhukovsky atamaliza anavomera Engelhardt, anafunsa kuti kujambula chithunzi kwa iye Bryullova kusewera chithunzi mu zomera payekha. Katswiri anavomera ndipo posakhalitsa chithunzi anali wokonzeka. Ndi Vielgorsky Zhukovsky anapanga mpikisano ndipo motero Shevchenko nawo ufulu. Monga chizindikiro cha kwambiri ndi ulemu waukulu kwa Vasiliyu Andreevichu, iye zoyenera ndakatulo iyi, mmodzi wa yaikulu ya ndakatulo yake ( "Catherine").

Choncho, April 22, 1838 Ufulu Shevchenko anali adagula 2,500 rubles. Mu chaka chomwecho iye analembedwa Academy of Tirhana. Apa Shevchenko anakhala wophunzira wa K. P. Bryullova.

The heyday a ndakatulo talente Shevchenko

The zaka bwino mu moyo wanga T. 1840-1847 tinganene kuti (chithunzi pamwambapa - kudziona chithunzi cha Shevchenko anapanga mu 1840). Panthawi imeneyi, luntha lake ndakatulo maluwa. Wambiri Tarasa Shevchenka amalembedwa ndi chilengedwe cha ntchito zambiri. Mu St. Petersburg, mu 1840 anadza m'chigawo choyamba cha ndakatulo ya ndakatulo ( "Kobzar"). Iye anaika maziko a nyengo yatsopano mu mbiri ya mabuku a anthu Chiyukireniya. "Haydamaky" - kwambiri yaikulu ntchito Shevchenko kuonekera mu 1842. Zina mwa ntchito zina zofunika kwambiri za nthawi imeneyi Tingaone ndakatulo mu 1838 "Katherine", 1842, "Akhungu", 1844 "mediocre" 1845 "Naymichka" ndi sewero la 1843 "Nazar Stodolya". ndakatulo Political, amene anaonekera pa nthawi imeneyi, - "Dream" (1844) ndi "Caucasus" (1845). Iwo amukane autocracy, zinapatsira ndi mzimu woukira boma. Poyera kuitana kwa chiwonongeko cha autocracy ya anthu zomwe zili atsogoleri andale a Shevchenko - ndakatulo "Kodi kufa ..." (1845).

Ulendo kwa Ukraine ndi kusinkhasinkha awo ntchito

Taras mu May 1843 anapita ku Ukraine. Apa anakhala pafupi chaka. Mu February 1844 yonena Tarasa Shevchenka amalembedwa kubwerera ku St. Petersburg. M'chaka cha 1845 anamaliza Academy of Tirhana, kukhala "palibe kalasi (ie, free), zojambulajambula." Shevchenko kamodzinso anapita ku Ukraine. Iye ankafuna kusamukira ku Kiev. Taras ntchito pa nthawi iyi mu Kiev m'mabwinja Commission ndi chithunzicho. Iye anapita konsekonse Ukraine. The zolinga chosintha wa Wolemba ndakatulo, kulimbitsa kuona kuyenda mu chigawo Chernihiv, Poltava, Kiev. Kulikonse Taras anaonera mavuto a alimi. Zinalengedwa Pamaulendo antiserfdom ndakatulo m'gulu Album "zaka zitatu." Taras Shevchenko kuwerenga ntchito izi kuti mabwenzi ndi anthu achinansi, nampatsa kulilembanso. Ngakhale podzudzula St. Petersburg, ndipo ngakhale Belinsky, natsutsa ndipo sanazindikire Little Russian mabuku makamaka Shevchenko. Ndakatulo wake, adawona provincialism yopapatiza. Komabe dziko yomweyo anayamikira. Zimenezi zikusonyezedwa ndi mwansangala Shevchenko pa ulendo umenewu, sadalole mu 1845-47 biennium.

Cyril ndi Methodius, kumangidwa ndi ukapolo

Taras mu 1846 analowa chinsinsi Cyril ndi Methodius. Idamangidwa ndi ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi a University of Kiev kumapeto 1845 ndi anthu wapangidwa ndi achinyamata amene ali ndi chidwi mu chitukuko cha anthu osiyanasiyana Asilavo, kuphatikizapo Ukraine. Anadzudzula ndi provocateur mu April 1847 zinawululidwa apolisi. anthu 10, mamembala ake anamangidwa. Iwo anali kudedwa kukonza anthu andale. Onse anali kulangidwa. Makamaka ilo Shevchenko kwa ndakatulo analenga oletsedwa. Iye anatumidwa kwa Region Orenburg anaziika kwambiri. Komanso, Nicholas Ine anawonjezera panokha ndekha kuti Shevchenko ayenera zoletsedwa kulemba ndi kujambula. Woyamba vuto lalikulu Taras kugwirizana ndi uchidakwa ndi pa nthawi ino. Shevchenko binges anali kale odziwika bwino. Pa kufufuza kwa anthu chinsinsi W. Belozersk, wina m'banjamo, Shevchenko wolungama kuti iye analemba ndakatulo wake mu mkhalidwe kuledzera ndipo analibe nthawi yomweyo kufika kutisokoneza. Koma kuwerenga siopulumutsidwa wolemba ndakatulo. Wambiri Tarasa Grigorovicha Shevchenka wakhalako pano.

Moyo Orsk linga, gawo mu ulendo wa

Taras anali mu Orsk linga, amene anali m'chipululu m'derali. Taras Shevchenko patapita kanthawi Zhukovsky analemba kalata ndi pempho kuti ntchito imodzi yokha - lamanja kujambula. Pakuti Taras tinganene tinachezera Chiwerengero Tolstoy ndi Gudovich, koma sanathe kuthandiza Shevchenko. Taras akatulukire kwa Dubbeltu, mutu wa nthambi wachitatu, koma sizinathandize. Mpaka kumasulidwa sanali anachotsa chiletso kudzatunga. Komabe, chitonthozo ndi wojambula anapereka gawo lake mu ulendo wa 1848-49. kuphunzira Aral Sea. Chifukwa uweme chithandizo V. A. Obrucheva ndi Butakova mkulu ankaloledwa kuti rubbings masitaelo m'dera wowerengeka ndi mitundu ya gombe Aral. Total Shevchenko analenga 350 watercolor zithunzi ndi okongola. Anagwira zochitika moyo wa msilikali, moyo wa anthu Chikazaki. Komabe, mu St. Petersburg posachedwapa anadziŵa zikhumbo izi. Butakov ndi hoop pa nsonga ya analandira tsutsa, ndi Taras Shevchenko anali ku ukapolo ku 1850 mu chipululu-okhala, pafupi. Mangyshlak mu Novopetrovskoye kutonthozedwa. Ndipo apa kunali koletsedwa kujambula.

Zaka ntchito pa za. Mangyshlak

povuta kuti Taras anali woyamba zaka 3 anakhala pano. Kenako mosavuta, chifukwa kwakukulukulu chifundo cha m'deralo commandant Uskov ndi mkazi wake wokondedwa ndi Taras Shevchenko kwa ubwenzi ana awo ndi chikhalidwe wofatsa. Shevchenko tinkakhala m'misasa, ngakhale kapitawo yemwe ananenapo Tarasu Grigorevichu moyo mu nyumba yake. Komabe, ngakhale mu zaka zovuta kwambiri sizinatayike mtima ndakatulo Taras Grigorevich Shevchenko, amene yonena Munthu wotereyu zosiyanasiyana mayesero ovuta amene anagwera gawo lake. Iye anayesera kuti m'malo choletsedwa kupenta mwakemu, ndipo nawonso anayamba kujambula, amene adali, ndi njira, ndi odula kwambiri utakhala pa nthawi.

wosamasula Shevchenko

Mu 1857, iye anamasulidwa Taras Grigorevich Shevchenko. Wambiri mwa ndakatulo ndi wojambula, mwina zikanakhala osiyana ngati osati zopempha zambiri FP chifukwa Tolstoy ndi mkazi wake, AI Wandiweyani. Shevchenko anakhala mu Novopetrovskaya analimbitsa mu October 17, 1850 ndi August 2, 1857. Iye anamasulidwa atamwalira Nicholas I.

Moyo St. Petersburg, kukula kwa chosintha amaganiza ntchito

Long ndi zovuta anali kubwerera ku ukapolo wa Taras. Iye anali m'ndende ku Nizhny Novgorod, saloledwa kulowa Mitu iwiri. Axamwali, Koma anapanga Shevchenko chilolezo kuti akakhale ku St. Petersburg. Iye anafika kuno m'chaka cha 1858 Apa ndakatulo ndi wojambula abwenzi Olemba "Contemporary", komanso Na Dobrolyubov, ng Chernyshevsky, ml Mikhailov, Na Nekrasov, AN Ostrowski neri Al. Ngakhale anakwiya kwambiri ndi zolemba nkhanza adalowa Zotengera ake. Chachitatu nthambi ya wongokhazikitsidwa kuyang'aniridwa okhwima a ndakatulo iyi. Shevchenko anali mu ukapolo kwa zaka khumi, kuchokera June 1847 ku August 1857. Komabe, izi ambike chifuniro cha ndakatulo ndi sanasinthe maganizo ake chosintha. Ndakatulo ndi ndakatulo "kapolo imasonkhezera" (wotchedwa Shevchenko ntchito zake, amene analengedwa mu ukapolo ndi kubisala pamene kufufuza) yodziwika ndi kukula kwa chosintha mtima. A kukhudzidwa kwa olamulira ankhanza ndakatulo, ndi kuitana chiwawa ndi phokoso awo "Mafumu" mkombero mu 1848. Mu ukapolo wake Shevchenko analenganso zimathandizadi buku lolembedwa mu Russian. Izi "wolemekezeka" mu 1853, "woimba" mu 1854-1855. Ntchito 1855 "Gemini", "ndi Marechale," "Kalanga" ndi 1856 "The Artist". Onsewo ali ndi zambiri zokhudza kuchokera yonena za wolemba, zinapatsira ndi maganizo serfdom.

Komabe, zaka zovuta anakhala mu ukapolo komanso mizu uchidakwa kuchichepetsa thanzi la Shevchenko ndi wofooka luntha lake. Anavutika inatha zoyesayesa zake polenga banja (Ammayi Riunova, m'mphawi Lusha ndi Harith). Mpaka mapeto a masiku lake anatsala yekha Taras Shevchenko. Mwachidule yonena sayenera kuphimba bwinobwino moyo, koma pa ulendo wotsiriza wa ukwati Shevchenko timanena payokha pansipa.

Homecoming, ndi kumangidwa atsopano ndi zaka zingapo zapitazi ku St. Petersburg

Shevchenko anali Petersburg yaitali, kuchokera March 1858 mpaka July 1859. Kenako anabwerera kwawo. Mu Taras nalo lingaliro kugula Nyumbayi choyang'ana Dnieper. Iye anasankha malo okongola phiri Chernecha. Komabe, Shevchenko sanali zoyembekezeka kukhala pano. Tsiku lina timawerenga mu kampani sankadziwa za ndakatulo zake, ndi mfumu ina ya apolisi yomweyo analidziwitsa kazembe, kuti Shevchenko anali pomenyera maulamuliro. Taras anamangidwa kachiwiri, anawalamula kuti achoke ku dziko ndi kubwerera ku St. Petersburg kuyang'aniridwa ndi nthambi lachitatu. A kochepa yonena za Taras Shevchenko amalola kuti sanatchule za moyo mu St. Petersburg, monga nthawi imeneyi sanali kuberekana kwa iye. Shevchenko, amatengeka kwambiri za anzake luso la zolembalemba, ochepa anajambula utoto zisakuyenda bwino. Pafupifupi onse ufulu wa zipani chakudya ndi zakudya anapereka lalembedwa, zatsopano chizolowezi. Ndiye Shevchenko ngakhale anakhala academician wa chosema pa mkuwa. The mphoto analandira 1860.

The pofuna atsopano kukwatira

Mwachidule yonena za Taras Shevchenko ana zambiri sanena mfundo iyi, koma ndi 1860 amagwiritsa ntchito pofuna atsopano kukwatira Shevchenko. Pofika m'chilimwe cha chaka chino, iye anali mu St. Petersburg, wina - abwenzi onse Shevchenko adachoka. Choncho makamaka bwinobwino anamva kusungulumwa. chidwi Lukerya Polusmakova, serf mtsikana. Shevchenko anayamba zambiri tikawaone. Lusha anali woyenera ndi zapamwamba kuposa Dovgopolenkova Harith, mlimi wina, umene kamodzi adatengedwa ndi ndakatulo. Mwina kwambiri lachinyengo. Iye anali kuona kuti Taras - woyenera yoyamba. Iye, mosazengereza, kumanga naye. Lusha ndi Taras anali mkwatibwi wautali ndi mkwati, koma patapita kanthawi panali kusiyana ndi. zimayambitsa kukhala bwinobwino, ngati ethos L. Polusmakovoy.

Matenda ndi imfa

Ndakatulo Taras Shevchenko, amene yonena kale kokatha, anakumana ndi chiyambi cha 1861 mwakayakaya (a matenda a mtima, chiwindi, wambulu, la misempha). Komabe, iye ndi chiyembekezo otsiriza kuti amuchiritse. Mu makalata Bartholomew wake msuweni wachiwiri, iye analemba kuti m'chaka adzabwera kwa Ukraine ndi kunyumba onetsetsani kuti achire. Komabe, February 26, 1861, tsiku la kubadwa kwake, Shevchenko anafa St. Petersburg. Manda ndi Museum wa T. G. Shevchenko mu Kanev (Ukraine) lero ndife amodzi a malo ambiri amene amapatsidwa ulemu kwa anthu Little Russia.

Koma osati Ukraine, amalemekeza munthu wamkulu uyu. Wambiri ya Taras Shevchenko mu Russian ngakhale m'gulu maphunziro kusukulu mabuku mu Russia, koma umunthu wake, komanso zinthu, ndipo m'dziko lathu chotchuka kwambiri. dzina lake ndi bwino kuti ambiri a ife. Mmodzi mwa anthu wamkulu mu Ukraine amati Taras Shevchenko. CV mu Russian ndakatulo izi chidwi ambiri a inu.