Nawo ndale nzika

nawo Political - gulu imavuta kwambiri ndi waphindu. Amatanthauza, poyamba pa zonse, ntchito kapena wongokhala wa munthu kapena gulu mmadera.

nawo ndale mu tinganene - gulu kapena kuchita paokha umalimbana kumamukopa mphamvu, ziribe kanthu zomwe msinkhu ndi. Pa gawo lino, zodabwitsazi imatengedwa ngati zovuta multidimensional. Pamafunikanso ambiri njira zothandiza kusonkhezera boma. Nawo nzika zandale, mlingo wa ntchito kumatengera zifukwa za chikhalidwe, maganizo, chikhalidwe, za mbiri yakale, chuma kapena zina zachilengedwe. Munthu azindikira pamene adalowa ofunda, Gona mwadongosolo ndi magulu osiyana kapena ndi anthu ena.

nawo zandale ndi a mitundu itatu:

• chikomokere (sanali wopanda), i.e. amene zachokera kukakamiza kapena mwambo mu ntchito mowiriza;
• amazindikira, komanso sanali free, pamene munthu amakakamizidwa momveka kutsatira malamulo ena, mfundo;
• amazindikira ndipo nthawi yomweyo ufulu, ndiye munthu akhoza kusankha paokha, chotero kuwonjezera malire a mphamvu zawo mu dziko la ndale.

Sidney Verba ndi Gabriel mchiwu analenga chitsanzo ongolankhula chikhalidwe ndale. Andale nawo mtundu woyamba amatchedwa parokialnym, mwachitsanzo chimene yochepa kuti zofuna maziko; chachiwiri mtundu - poddannicheskoj ndi wachitatu - participative. Komanso, asayansi awa apeza njira Transitional kuchita zomwe kuphatikiza mbali ya mitundu iwiri yoyandikana.

nawo ndale ndi mtundu mowirikiza ikusintha. Kuwonjezera maganizo ake akale, ndi latsopano mwa aliyense ndondomeko umoyo zinachitika chimene chili cha mtengo. Zimenezi ndi zoona makamaka kusintha mfundo monga dziko mafumu ndi mchitidwe wa multiparty ku kusowa mabungwe amenewa kuti ufulu wa kamba njuchi demokalase ku authoritarianism, ndi zina zotero. D. Patapita zaka 18-19 chapansipansi za wamakono ambiri chinachitika ndi patsogolo nawo ndale zosiyanasiyana magulu magulu a anthu.

Popeza ntchito ya anthu anatsimikiza ndi zifukwa zambiri, ndi yunifolomu gulu la mtundu uliwonse kulibe. Mmodzi wa iwo akumufunsira tione nawo ndale za zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

• yovomerezeka (chisankho, zopempha, zitsanzo ndi misonkhano, mgwirizano ndi maulamuliro) ndi wapathengo (uchigawenga, kulanda boma, ena wopanduka, kapena njira zina kusamvera nzika ');
• institutionalized (kugwira nawo ntchito ya voti phwando) ndipo sanali institutionalized (magulu amene ali ndi zolinga za ndale ndi losadziwika mwa lamulo, misa zipolowe);
• ndi khalidwe m'dera akunja.

Kufanizitsa Pangakhale zina. Koma Mulimonsemo, ayenera kukumana mfundo zotsatirazi:

- nawo ndale ziyenera anawonetseredwa mu mawonekedwe a kuchitako, ndipo osati pa mlingo wa kutengeka;

- ziyenera kukhala zaufulu (kupatula usilikali, malipiro msonkho kapena chionetsero chikondwerero pansi Ulamuliro);

- monga chikuyembekezeka kutha kusankha yeniyeni, si kuti fictitious, koma kwenikweni.

Asayansi ena, kuphatikizapo Lipset ndi Huntington amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wa nawo mwachindunji anakhudzidwa ndi mtundu wa ndale. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kumachitika zida demokalase mwakufuna autonomously. Ndipo pamene munthu wankhanza ndale nawo asonkhanitsidwa, yokakamiza, pamene misa nawo mophiphiritsira yekha, kuti yesezera mphamvu thandizo. Mitundu ina ya ntchito Mwina kupotoza kuwerenga maganizo a magulu a anthu. A umboni wosatsutsika wakuti izi Fascism ndi Ulamuliro mitundu.