Chisamaliro cha chitetezo mankhwala. Ngozi pa zinthu mankhwala woopsawo ndi mavuto awo

M'dziko lililonse ano pali chiwerengero mokwanira lalikulu mabungwe osiyana mankhwala. The unpredictability ngozi pa iwo, kufalikira mofulumira zakhudzana mpweya amafuna miyeso mwamsanga pofuna kupewa ngozi anthu.

Chitetezo zinthu woopsawo

Chisamaliro cha chitetezo mankhwala alionse yafupika ntchito njira zotsatirazi chitetezo:

1. Respirators, masks gasi, masuti zozitetezera.
2. Chitetezo.
3. Mmodzi.
4. Achoke kwa anthu m'dera la ngozi.

Zonse mwa njira zimenezi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito nokha, koma pamodzi ndi ena.

Pofuna osaitanidwa pa mankhwala zinthu zoopsa si modzidzimutsa, mwachifundo kutenga miyezo kutero. Njirazi ndi monga:

• Operationalizing dongosolo la kuchenjeza anthu.
• Kuunikira kuonetsetsa kuti zodzitetezera anali wokonzeka komanso anali m'madera ena.
• Kukonzekera m'misasa.
• Khama la dera n'kuyamba kuthawa.
• Kukula kwa njira zothandiza kwambiri kuteteza anthu nthawi zina.
• Kuchititsa makonzedwe maphunziro ndi mphamvu, amene cholinga zotsatirapo za ngozi.

Only mosamala anakonza kanthu likhoza ngozi samalani chitetezo cha anthu.

mankhwala chitetezo makhalidwe a anthu

chitetezo mankhwala - ndi ya miyeso kuti tinapangidwa kuthetsa kapena kufooketsa kuipa kwa zinthu chakupha (mwadzidzidzi mankhwala woopsawo zinthu) pa anthu ndi ogwira ntchito za kumalo a ntchito. Zochitika zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa bwino pasadakhale, komanso nkhani yofunika m'kati kuchotsa zotsatira za ngozi.

Events kwa chitetezo mankhwala alionse amene akhoza zimachitika waukulu, izi:

1. Umboni wa ngozi ndi zidziwitso za anthu ake.
2. Mafotokozedwe a zinthu mu zone ya ngozi.
3. Compliance ndi malangizo onse ndi mfundo mankhwala chitetezo m'dera zakhudzana.
4. Kupereka anthu ndi ogwira ntchito mankhwala onse.
5. Ngati ndi kotheka, m'pofunika kuchoka anthu ochokera m'madera a kuipitsidwa zotheka.
6. Pogona anthu m'misasa, amene angathe kuteteza motsutsana mankhwala woopsawo.
7. ntchito Emergency wa ZINGATHANDIZE ndi zipangizo mankhwala a khungu.

Ngati pali tsoka, kuti litsatira zochita konkire akutembenukira zinthu a m'derali, ikuchitika kufufuza pamaso pa zinthu woopsawo. Timaphunziranso chikhalidwe ndi mmene amasulidwe malangizo omwe mphepo amanyamula poizoni, mmene ambiri dera ndi zotsatira za ngozi.

ogwira ntchito onse a kampani anapereka kuvomerezedwa munthu zodzitetezera. The liquidators ngozi ayenera atavala suti mankhwala chitetezo ndi mpweya chigoba.

zinthu zoopsa

Okoma mtima wa makampani ndi anthu amene pali yosungirako, processing ndi ntchito zinthu woopsawo. Ngozi pa zinthu mankhwala woopsawo zingachititse kuti matenda anthu kapena imfa mwangozi poizoni.

Izi makampani zotsatirazi:

1. Mankhwala ndi mafuta ayenga.
2. Petrochemical makampani.
3. maofesi madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala ndi madzi komwe chlorine ntchito.
4. Refrigeration unsembe ngati ntchito ammonia.
5. Malo komwe mankhwala zasungidwa.
6. Magalimoto onyamula katundu mankhwala owopsa.
7. Zinyalala kutaya zinyalala mankhwala.

makampani onse woopsawo zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo monga mlingo wa ngozi:

• 1 - likhoza ngozi mu dera lomwe linakhudzidwa oposa 70 zikwi kumenya.
• 2 - kuchokera 40 70 chikwi.
• 3 - zosakwana 40 chikwi.
• 4 - pa chiopsezo ngozi Kodi asapitirire malire a ntchito.

Mu dziko lathu la zinthu loipalo ndife oposa 3 zikwi. Ndi ochuluka katundu HOV chidziwitso, kuyambirira ziyenera a zotsatira zotheka, luso mofulumira ndi molondola kukhwimitsa mwamsanga kuthetsa ngozi mkhalidwe waukulu kuonetsetsa chitetezo mankhwala alionse chinapangidwa pa mlingo wapamwamba.

ngozi mankhwala

Zoterezi vuto mwadzidzidzi nthawi otchedwa njira kuphwanya zomera, kuwonongeka kwa mapaipi ndi akasinja yosungirako kwa kusungiramo magalimoto onyamula woopsawo zipangizo. Zonsezi zingachititse kuti amasulidwe mankhwala m'mlengalenga, zikubweretsa matenda a anthu ndi biosphere.

Ngati zinthu kwachititsa ovulala anthu, kuwononga kwambiri chifukwa cha zinthu, kuwonongeka lalikulu kwa chilengedwe, ndi kale zotheka kuti akaone ndi osati ngozi, koma ngoziyo izi mafakitale.

mwadzidzidzi aliyense pa chomera mankhwala nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi mabomba ndi moto. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, njira izi ndi zinthu sanali poizoni akusinthika ku zoopsa ndi zoipa thanzi la munthu.

Zimayambitsa ngozi pa malo mankhwala

Mwa zifukwa zazikulu vuto limene ngozi, ndi zotsatirazi:

1. Depreciation zida kupanga kapena kukonza kuchepa ndi osauka khalidwe ndi kukonzanso.
2. Mu njira ya ulimi kapena processing njira wosweka.
3. Kusagwiritsa zida ntchito.
4. Kusungiramo zinthu woopsawo adzakhala kuphwanya malamulo.
5. Musati ntchito dongosolo chitetezo kumalo a ntchito.
6. Zolakwa kuti anapangidwa pomanga ndi mamangidwe a zinthu.
7. Wakuswa chilango kuntchito.
8. Kuposa malamulo a kusungiramo zinthu woopsawo.
9. Masoka achilengedwe.
10. Zigawenga kuchita.

Tikaona zimene zimayambitsa ngozi, tinganene kuti kwambiri masewero chinthu anthu. Nthawi zambiri chosasamala wathu kumabweretsa zotsatira zowawa.

ayenera kuchitidwa bwino ndipo m'nthawi yake kaya mtundu wa ngozi kuonetsetsa chitetezo mankhwala. tsoka akhoza wachinsinsi motere:

• Private. Zotsatira kuphimba shopu chimodzi chokha, kapena unsembe.
• Chinthu Alamu. Limafotokoza kampani imodzi yokha ndi kupitirira zilibe tuluka.
• Local. Zotsatira zake bwanji mzinda kapena dera lonse.
• Regional - chimakwirira zigawo zingapo.
• ngozi Global sikumangotanthauza m'madera a m'dziko lomwelo, koma mukhoza kupita ndi kupitirira.

zinthu zokhudza

Pamene pali mwadzidzidzi amasulidwe zinthu woopsawo anapanga kachilombo mtambo chachikulu chomwe m'malovu ndi aerosol amatha kuthetsa pansi ndi kuipitsanso izo.

Ngati chotengera kuonongeka kwa yosungirako kapena kayendedwe, zinthu woopsawo amwazikira, iwo anayamba vaporize ndi kupanga mtambo wa matenda sekondale.

mitambo awa ndi katundu osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mtambo chachikulu kufalikira zinanso yekha panthawi ya ndime zake, koma lili ndende wamkulu wa zinthu woopsawo. mtambo Secondary ngakhale ali pang'ono HOV, koma zotsatira zake ikuchitika bola osati kwathunthu kuchitika evaporation kapena chiwonongeko.

Iwo ali ngati mawonetseredwe zazikulu ndi zambiri pa ngozi mankhwala aliwonse. Kuweta - kumasulidwa zinthu woopsawo, ndi zina kale monga moto, mabomba, kumene limodzi ndi ngozi.

Pa pangozi ya mtundu uwu kwenikweni ikuchitika cheza ndi chitetezo mankhwala alionse, chifukwa chachikulu sichikupindulitsani chinthu ndi matenda a zigawo za mmusi za mlengalenga, nthaka, madzi, imbaenda kugonjetsedwa kwa anthu ndi zina zamoyo. Onga zimadalira kukula kwake kuipitsidwa nthambi.

Tangoganizirani malo awa atatu:

• Wakupha.
• Toksodozy, incapacitating.
• Toksodozy pakhomo.

Pakuti zinthu zina sichikupindulitsani monga:

• Yoweyula mantha.
• Cheza.
• Kugonjetsedwa kwa makombo.
• Kuchita kwa poizoni amene amapangidwa lalikulu zedi pa HOV kuyaka.

zotsatira

Ngakhale ngozi mankhwala owopsa ogwira sikuti kudali popanda kusiya sanachite. Choncho n'kofunika boma dongosolo la chitetezo anthu. Zotsatira kuti kudza pambuyo mwadzidzidzi, zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: mwachindunji (iwo amaoneka kamodzi) ndi yaitali.

Zotsatira mwamsanga - ndi:

• Pogonjetsa imfa anthu ndi nyama.
• Aakulu poizoni.
• Mabala, zilonda zamoto.
• mavuto a m'maganizo zimene zimasonyeza pambuyo kukhudzana ndi mankhwala.
• Pachimake mankhwala poyizoni kuyaka.
• Zofunika kuwonongeka, amene awonongedwe tsankho kapena wathunthu wa zinthu.
• kuwonongeka kwa malo amene agonjetsa ndi ngoziyo zachilengedwe.

zotsatira zake zingakhale kwambiri kuti iwo sali ngakhale kupulumutsa chitetezo, monga zoteteza suti L-1. Ngati anavala pambuyo ngozi, kuti nthawi wapatali akhoza kutayika, ndipo anthu adakali kulandira gawo la poizoni.

Gulu la mankhwala

Chemical kuipitsidwa angayambe ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, onse ndi chimodzi khalidwe - ndi angaononge thupi. Mlingo wa khalidwe ndi osiyana zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Malinga ichi, kupereka 4 makalasi ngozi mankhwala:

1. woopsa kwambiri.
2. zoopsa kwambiri.
3. Amtengo woopsawo.
4. Low ngozi.

mankhwala tingakhale nawo amakhudza pa thupi la munthu si yunifolomu kanthu. Komabe, monga chinthu chachikulu ntchito amene kumabweretsa poizoni pachimake ndi kugonjetsedwa.

Ndi chikhalidwe cha mmene zinthu mankhwala owopsa angathe kugawidwa:

• Asphyxiating zinthu. Zikuphatikizapo chlorine, phosgene.
• Obscheyadovitye. Common chifukwa kuledzera. Zikuphatikizapo mpweya monoxide.
• Imodzi obscheyadovitoe ndi zotsatira lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma Mwachitsanzo, oxides asafe, fluoride wa hydrogen, woipa sulfure.
• Neurotropic ndi zotsatira lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma, monga kupereka ammonia.
• zinthu kagayidwe kachakudya poizoni monga okusayidi ethylene.
• Zinthu zimene zimaipitsa njira kagayidwe kachakudya mu thupi.

zinthu zina zambiri ankadabwa wochuluka makampani mankhwala a. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito pa ulimi wa mbewu nitric asidi ayenera anafunikira kumavala suti zoteteza L-1. zida Personal woteteza mawonekedwe a magolovesi, malaya ovala pamwamba pazovala, respirators, masks ndi ngakhale kuntchito.

Specific kukhudzana mankhwala

Protection a anthu mankhwala kuipitsidwa - ndi ntchito yaikulu ya utsogoleri. Kufunikira ndi changu cha zonsezi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti kuwonjezera zokhudza zonse kawopsedwe zinthu zakupha zingayambitse mavuto otsatirawa:

1. Embryotropic. Iwo ali kungasokoneze mapangidwe a ziwalo za mwana wosabadwayo, ndilo zinadzala ndi maonekedwe a malformations kobadwa nako ndi kuvutika kakulidwe. Ndi chifukwa cha chinthu ichi, mayi woyembekezera ayenera anasamutsa posachedwapa kuti opaleshoni ina otetezeka. Izi ndi zinthu komwe ngakhale mankhwala masuti chitetezo sikungakuthandizeni.
2. Carcinogenic. zinthu mankhwala akhoza kwambiri ntchito za maselo a khansa, imbaenda chitukuko cha khansa. Zimenezi zimadalira nthawi ya ntchito mu ntchito woopsawo, mlingo wa kukhudzana ndi mankhwala. Kuopsa izi HOV lili mu choona kuti mavuto awo akhoza anachedwa kwa zaka zingapo.
3. Genotoxic. Zoyambitsa masinthidwe jini, kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa. Ngati pali masinthidwe maselo nyongolosi, zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti kubadwa kwa ana ndi kuvutika mu chitukuko kapena deformities.
4. Immunopathogenicity kwenikweni. Iwo akuwonetseredwa mu kuchepetsa dongosolo anthu m'thupi. Kawirikawiri limodzi ndi mavuto kupuma.
5. chiopsezo ubereki amagwirizana ndi matenda ubereki.
6. matenda kagayidwe kachakudya. Ndi ngozi mu njira kagayidwe kachakudya mu thupi.
7. Allergenic. Mankhwala ambiri ayamba amadza zawo zoipa kuti chiwonetsero cha thupi lawo siligwirizana. Izi zikhoza kukhala exacerbation mphumu kapena dermatitis.

Monga mukuonera pa mndandanda, ndi poizoni zikhoza kukhala zoopsa kwambiri ndipo sizimadziwika zotsatira, kotero kuteteza anthu ku ngozi mankhwala ayenera kuchitidwa bwino ndipo mwamsanga.

Khalidwe la anthu pamaso ngozi pa nthawi ndipo pambuyo

Ngati anthu okhala pafupi ndi maofesi mankhwala, iwo ayenera kudziwa zimene ichi ogwira n'koipa, ndipo n'chiyani miyeso ayenera kumwedwa pa mwadzidzidzi. Chisamaliro cha chitetezo mankhwala alionse adzakhala monga mu mndandanda wake ndiponso kupewa, pakufalitsa.

Anthu kudziwa mmene kudziteteza ku matenda zotheka. Zonena muyenera kukhala okonzeka kuteteza munthu. Ziyenera kusungidwa pamalo mosavuta adzatha mwayi pamene zizindikiro choyamba.

Pa ngozi kumachitika kuchenjeza anthu kudzera mwa belu kapena beep yaitali. Anthu ayenera Pre-Kudziwitsidwa tanthauzo la zizindikiro.

Company antchito akhoza kuchita ntchito zawo zodzitetezera. Ngati ndondomeko akhoza anasiya, ndiye ntchito pansi kwa chitetezo cha.

Anthu akhoza kupanga malangizo onena za khalidwe zinachitika chiphaso cha chizindikiro chochenjeza:

1. Ngati TV kapena pa wailesi Civil silikhali Likulu imatiuza za zochitika za masiku ano, m'pofunika kuchita zonse malangizo ake.
2. Bvalani zovala zodzitetezera.
3. Pezani chitetezo chitetezo yapafupi.
4. Ngati walamula kuti asapite kunja, yesani mazenera bwino losindikizidwa ndi zitseko. Mukhoza Komanso popachika mabulangete awo.
5. Ngati analangiza m'nyumba zawo pita pogona pa, m'pofunika kusagwirizana zipangizo zonse zamagetsi, zimitsani gasi, kutenga zikalata zawo zonse, ndi zinthu zofunikira. Musapite mumsewu popanda woyamba kuvala mpweya chigoba, makina kapena thonje-gauze bandeji.

Ngati inu kugwera mu mtambo mwamsanga mankhwala, m'pofunika madzi osamba, ndi zinthu zonse kachilombo kutaya. Yesani kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ku zinthu zachilengedwe, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba molunjika ku munda.

Pamene inu anayamba kukayikira poyizoni ayenera kumwa madzi ambiri ngati kuli kotheka komanso kuchipatala mwadzidzidzi.

ngozi iliyonse pa chomera mankhwala ndi kosavuta kupewa kuposa kuwononga ndalama yaikulu ndalama kuthetsa mavuto ake. Nthaŵi iliyonse malo woopsawo ziyenera kulinganizidwa njira zothetsera ndi kangapo Mwina ngozi. Mu mabizinezi ziyenera kuchitidwa ziyang'aniridwe pa ndondomeko zonse, mogwirizana ndi malamulo ndi malamulo a yosungiramo, processing ndi mayendedwe a zinthu woopsawo.