NATO nkhondo Afghanistan (2001-2014): zimayambitsa, zotsatira ndi zotsatira

Pambuyo Zigawenga September 11, 2001 anayamba nkhondo Afghanistan. Mwachidule amatiuza za zochitika izi ndi zovuta, koma tidzayesetsa kukhala pa nkhani zikuluzikulu ndi mbali. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi choona kuti nkhondo zikuluzikulu mu ukulu akhoza kugawidwa mu angapo lalikulu ntchito mwatsatanetsatane:

• "Kupirira Ufulu".
• "Opaleshoni Anaconda".
• Ntchito kum'mwera Afghanistan.

Yambani ntchito ndi magulu waukulu mkangano

The standoff inatenga nthawi yaitali. Mu 1989, boma la Soviet Union anasiya lamapiri ndipo anabweretsa lonse lankhondo chimadalira. Koma pambuyo mtendere mu dera ndi siinafike. Kuopseza kwa uchigawenga ndi chiwawa kunabuka ndi mphamvu kuposa kale lonse. A nkhondo yoopsayo yapachiweniweni zingaike miyoyo ya anthu wamba akutali Afghanistan.

The vuto kumuopseza ndi ku Russia. Pambuyo kugwa kwa malire Soviet pakati Afghanistan ndi mayiko kumene palokha - Tajikistan ndi Uzbekistan - lidzatsegulidwa kwathunthu. utangoyamba mayiko awiri Asian akhala zone gawo lotetezedwa ndi wochititsa mankhwala ndi zida ku Central Asia kuti dziko lathu. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga pa. Russia, ngakhale chisamaliro, anakakamizika kuthandizapo. Thandizo anayamba kutengera kale anali mdani wa USSR - kumpoto Alliance - mu nkhondo yolimbana ndi Taliban. Ngakhale zili chomwechi, Taliban ndi mosamala ogwirizana athu ku malire a Tajikistan.

kuphatikizidwa NATO mu nkhondo ndi "Opaleshoni Kupirira Ufulu"

Zinthu zinasintha mu 2001. Kuukira kwa zigaŵenga la United States analengeza kuti cholinga cha nkhondo ndi kulimbana uchigawenga ndi kulima ndi chitetezo cha mfundo za demokalase ku dziko. Iwo anayamba nkhondo yaitali NATO ku Afghanistan.

Kumpoto Alliance, masuku pamutu zinthu, anapita tingalimbanirane. Mwalamulo, Russia amapereka nkhondo US. Ngakhale ambiri m'dziko athu anavomera alowererepo NATO ku Afghanistan monga zimasokoneza chitetezo cha dziko. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo US ndi Taliban ogwirizana mu kulamulira dziko. mode zimenezi pamaso mkangano kuzindikira ndi kuthandiza ogwirizana ngati American monga Pakistan ndi Saudi Arabia.

Background mkangano

N'chifukwa chiyani nkhondo Afghanistan? Mwachidule za zifukwa mungathe kunena izi: September 11, 2001 pakati padziko lonse lapansi kugula ku New York inaonongeka ndege chalanda ndi zigawenga. Zosanja, monga iwo ankadziwika padziko lonse, ankatengedwa chizindikiro cha kupambana, ulemerero ndi ubwino wa United States monga mayiko amphamvu wamphamvu zachuma. chizindikiro ichi chinali pa sitepe imodzi wotchuka Chifaniziro cha Ufulu. Koma ngati chizindikiro lotsiriza la ufulu ndale ndi ufulu wa mbadwa za Chimereka, nsanja - zachuma bwino. Komanso, zonse America anakhulupirira dziko lawo ndiye mtendere ndi kotetezedwa kwa kumuopseza kunja. zotsatira mantha kuposa chipwirikiti pa kuukira Japanese pa Pacific m'munsi mwa US Air Force ku Hawaii pa Pearl Harbor. nthano American inatha pa 11 September. History unagawidwa patsogolo ndi kuukira kwa zigaŵenga.

Makamaka zoopsa tsoka anazindikira bungwe "Al Qaeda". mutu wa Osama bin othodwa anazindikira mayiko zigawenga nambala 1, ndipo analengeza kusakasaka iye. Chibisikire Afghanistan ku Taliban. US ndi ogwirizana ake akufuna kusiya bin akatundu, koma anakana. Taliban anapempha umboni wa nkhani ya "Al Qaeda" mu mabomba Trade Center ku New York. Only ndiye kudzakhala kotheka kukambirana. NATO nkhondo Afghanistan wakhala mosalephera.

Njira ya nkhondo

September 22, 2001, Saudi Arabia ndi Pakistan kwathunthu kuswa kugwirizana ndi Taliban. Asapeze chithandizo asilikali ndi kumpoto Alliance, ndi NATO akukonzekera kuti akanthe. Chimakula ndi kuchuluka yaikulu othawa ku Afghanistan kuti Pakistan.

ntchito asilikali anayamba October 7, 2001 nafe mpweya. Woyamba zinawonongedwa zazing'ono mpweya motetezera Taliban. Makumi ndege la US ndi mphamvu British mpweya linakhazikitsa bombardment ikuluikulu ya mipherezero njira. Pa nthawi yomweyo zombo anayamba kukhazikitsa mivi sitima adani, ndi mayunitsi wapadera wa asilikali nthaka anayamba ntchito nthaka.

The Taliban ankanena kuti bwino nkhondo mabomba, ndipo ngakhale anasonyeza mpukutu wa ndege galimotoyo ankati downed machitidwe chitetezo mpweya. Koma chapakati Lamulo anakana zimenezi, ponena kuti nkhondowo ndege CH 47 anagunda thanthwe. Galimoto anakhalabe muutumiki, koma anasiya galimotoyo mu kugunda ndi.

Njira yokha yomwe yokutidwa zochitika kuchokera onsewo chikumenyana, anali Qatari "Al-Jazeera". media ena, Taliban sanaulule yekha.

Udindo waukulu pankhondo a ndege amenye. amphamvu B-1 B-2 anagwiritsa ntchito B-52. Ntchito mabomba zikuluzikulu monga amphamvu kwambiri woyang'anira sanali nyukiliya "Deyzikatter". Patatha mwezi umodzi, ndi Taliban ndege onse anawonongedwa, kuchichepetsa kumbuyo, asilikali wavutika zomvetsa lolemera. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti revitalization wa kumpoto Alliance, amene anasamukira counterattack lapansi. November 9 anatengedwa mzinda waukulu wa Mazar-i-Sharif.

Pokhala atavutika lalikulu wosapitirira kugonja, Taliban mwadzidzidzi anayamba udzangotha. Ambiri a mayunitsi ikuluikulu inayamba kusuntha mbali ya mgwirizano. Mwa mwezi wa November, pafupifupi dera lonse la Afghanistan anaperekedwa ndi Taliban. November 13 m'manja Kabul, umene unachitikira mu 1996. M'manja mwawo, kuti yekha mzinda waukulu wa Kunduz kumpoto. Mphamvu yaikulu anali anaikira kum'mwera. Chakumapeto November, ndi ndewu anatengedwa ndi pakati mwa zigaŵenga.

Nkhondo - chifukwa cha mavuto chikhalidwe

Zotsatira za nkhondo kwabweretsa mavuto aakulu anthu. Pankhondoyi unagawanika m'dziko limodzi m'magulu awiri otsutsa. Ndege zoponya America ndi zida zonse mwatsatanetsatane sanathe chifukwa ovulala mwa wamba. Population anakwatulidwa pakati pa thanthwe ndi m'malo ovuta, pakati pa asilikali Taliban ndi NATO. Nkhondo chinasokoneza chuma, zomangamanga, ogwirizana dongosolo thanzi. Waponya ndi katundu ndege zothandiza anthu sikunali kokwanira. yogawa achita operewera. Akatundu zambiri kugwa m'manja mwa asilikali ndipo alibe kufika anthu. Zambiri anavulala mwakayakaya. Roald m'chipatala. Mu nkhani yomenyera kuchita zinali pafupi zosatheka. Amayi ambiri kubereka panjira, opanda chisamaliro aluso. Nthawi zambiri ndondomeko ya kayendetsedwe ka anthu odwala akadaphedwa ndi mbali zonse kumenyana.

Kuchita tinakambirana za kufunikira kwa ntchito za bungwe la International Red Cross. atsogoleri Taliban asiya gulu ntchito m'gawo lake. Iwo anati yakwana kuthandiza anthu, osati kusokoneza ntchito ya Mabungwe mayiko ndi mabungwe zachipatala. Kunalembedwa mu hayala NATO. Komabe, kawirikawiri shelling ndi bombardments akulephera ntchito yawo. Wamba apitiriza kuvutika zoopsa zonse za nkhondo.

The ikamatera US Asilikali

Pakutha November mu manja a Taliban anakhalabe yekha waukulu - Kandahar. Iye ankaona ngati chopunthira cha Taliban, ndi imfa yake Unkandisokonezera zigaŵenga kukhulupirika. Apa palinso mtsogoleri wauzimu - Mullah Omar. Ndi zombo anakhazikika Nyanja Arabia pafupi Kandahar, anafika pa ankafika loyamba la Asilikali. Total zikwi. NATO nkhondo Afghanistan amamuonera mitundu lapansi.

The Taliban ankayesera kuti aponyere oyenda kwa mzinda, nalowa nkhondo ndi galimoto zonse zilipo oti muli nazo zida, koma mpweya kuukira Helicopters kuwononga gulu. Zida zankhondo ndi mpweya kunyanyala anakula zinthu pa Kandahar. Asilikali ndewu yoopsa sanali nawo. Kumayambiriro December, Mullah Omar, ndi mphamvu otsalira anagonja mzinda. Part ozimitsa anapita Pakistan, ena, kuphatikizapo mtsogoleri wauzimu, anathawira kumapiri. Kudzipereka Kandahar imatengedwa kumapeto kwa gawo lalikulu la nkhondoyi.

Tsopano tcheru chonse ankafunitsitsa mphamvu NATO kuti malo wamphamvu Tora Bora. Iye zinali zoopsa kwambiri Mgwirizano wa, T. Kwa. Kuyambira nthawi ya USSR nkhondo Afghanistan anali aakulu phanga network bwino mipanda yolimba kwambiri, ndipo anali ndi njira chinsinsi kuthandiza likuyandikira. Malinga ndi malipoti nzeru, n'kumene kusungira zigawenga nambala wani - Osama bin Laden. Major nkhondowo ntchito anatsogolera Afghanstan National Army, mothandizana ndi a Royal Air Force ndi US. Ntchito asilikali yatha bwinobwino kwa Mgwirizano ndi: Tora Bora anatengedwa, koma Osama bin othodwa sanapezeke. Asanagwe iye anasiya malo mipanda yolimba kwambiri.

Ngakhale kuti zigawenga waukulu anathawa NATO ndi boma US analengeza ntchito bwino Afghanistan. Mphamvu yaikulu ya Taliban anagonjetsedwa, akuluakulu malo onse ankhondo atengedwa ndi anasamutsa mphamvu ndondomeko za dziko ovomereza-Western wa Hamid Karzai. Iye anakhala mtsogoleri wa nthawi Transitional mu 2001, ndipo pulezidenti wogwirizira mu 2002.

Kukhala ndi mtendere ndi chitukuko m'dziko anatengera kusamvana wa bungwe UN Security pa December 20, 2001. Malinga ndi chikalatacho, bungwe la International Security Thandizo Force (ISAF) zochokera mgwirizano North Atlantic. Poyamba, bungwe anafunika kuchita kokha mkati Kabul.

ntchito odana ndi zigawenga

Otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya nkhondo nduna "Opaleshoni Anaconda" anali ndi uchigawenga. NATO boma mdani zafotokozedwera "Al-Qaeda".

Pambuyo kutenga njira yaikulu malo - Kandahar ndi Tora Bora - gulu la zigaŵenga atapita kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa dziko. Malinga ndi Agency Intelligence Central, kumayambiriro mphamvu 2002 yaikulu zigawenga regrouped pafupi Shahi-Kot ndi kukonzekera kuti aukire mgwirizano. atsogoleri NATO anaganiza kukachititsa kuponya chisanadze emptive.

ntchito potsimikizira-uchigawenga ndi "al-Qaeda" zomwe zichitike pa kutsimikiziridwa chitsanzo "nyundo ndi Chipala". Pa dzanja limodzi inu ndi kugunda ovomereza-Western asilikali Afghanstan ndi opanduka abwerere pafupi osankhika US Mphamvu Special.

"Opaleshoni Anaconda" unachitika ku 2 March 18 2002. atsogoleri American miscalculated tactically utangomuona mphamvu nkhondowo la mdani. "Al-Qaeda" anali kukonzekera chitetezo, ndipo anali kukana amphamvu. The original dongosolo "nyundo ndi Chipala" amayenera adzasiyidwa, mwachitsanzo. A. Pa malo a mkanganowo bwino zhno mukupeka. Pa March 4, iye ambushed ndi detachment cholinga chapadera pa lokwera Thakur-Gard. amene Walemedwa zoyendera ndege MH-47e watayika, ndi ena awiri kwambiri kuonongeka.

Pambuyo pa imfa yotero Achimereka anakantha kunyanyala mpweya kwambiri m'dera Thakur-Gard. Koma mphamvu zazikulu anathawira kudera lamapiri. Amene anakhalabe anaphedwa ndi kunyanyala mpweya. Kenako, Army analanda Shahi-Kot.

Zotsatira za ntchito

atsogoleri NATO analengeza patsogolo kwambiri mu njira ya 'Opaleshoni Anaconda ". Koma nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga akupitiriza. Asilikali okha kusokonezedwa maganizo azichitira mawu. Iwo sakanakhoza kumvetsa chifukwa airstrikes yamphamvu osati anayesetsa pamaso pa tsoka mu gorge Thakur-Gard. Chifukwa izo sizinali debugged zimachitika pakati pa magulu nthaka ndi mphamvu mpweya. Malinga ndi kafukufuku boma pa ntchito anaphedwa asilikali eyiti zolinga wapadera, 80 anavulala. Ndi yaikulu asilikali pansi US sagwirizana ndi zigawenga mu Afghanistan. Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, "Al-Qaeda" wataya anthu mazana ndi zikwi. Koma, ngakhale, waukulu mphamvu Taliban anakhalabe mmaudindo n'kupita kumalire ndi Pakistan. Mu zaka zonse za nkhondo Afghanistan, nkhondo m'chigwa Thakur-Gard anali aakulu kwambiri a ku America pa nkhondo imeneyi.

"Al-Qaeda" ndi ikupita patsogolo

Kumalire Afghanstan-Pakistan anali otchedwa "zone mafuko" - mapiri m'madera akumidzi, limene ankalamulira akuluakulu boma. Pa nkhondo Soviet Union ntchito mogwira ntchito yokonza wa Taliban mercenaries. Mu 2004, opanikizika US, Pakistan ayesera kulamulira malire. Koma ine amapunthwa pa kukana wamphamvu militias mafuko.

Ndi apa kuti Taliban mizu, anasonkhanitsa gulu lonse pamodzi ndipo tinayamba kukonza ntchito ya usilikali. Izo zasintha ndi njira ya nkhondo. dziko analigaŵa m'zigawo zingapo. Pakuti aliyense warlord Consolidated ndi ankhondo ake. Iwo munakhazikitsidwa dongosolo zidziwitso pakati pawo. NATO nkhondo Afghanistan watenga mosayembekezereka.

The Taliban ayamba njira za kuukira munthu mantha ndi mivi ya zazing'ono. Imachitika ntchito odana ndi zigawenga, monga "Mongoose" mu January 2013, ngakhale kuti mavuto appreciable kwa Taliban, koma chithunzi chonse ndi sanasinthe. kuukira Major zigawenga anayamba kulira pafupifupi aliyense mzinda waukulu. Ngozi kumuopseza ndi Kabul. June 7 pali kuphulika. The yoponya mabomba analiza yekha pamodzi ndi asilikali German. Mayiko Security Thandizo Force anayamba agonje. kulimbikitsa Taliban kwachititsa chakuti ena zigawo kum'mwera anayamba anaika mthunzi akazembe. zigawo zakhala Nangarhar, Kunar, Paktia, Paktika.

Koma moyo wa zandale ndiponso zachuma ndi pang'onopang'ono chikusintha. Mu January 2004, ku Afghanistan anatengera malamulo atsopano, ndipo woyamba chisankho cha Pulezident demokalase imachitikira October. Iwo anakhala Hamid Karzai. Kumene, popanda thandizo la maiko azungu mtsogoleri Afghanstan ndi chodziwikiratu kuti atha kugwiritsabe mphamvu. Kumwera kwa Kabul, mphamvu yeniyeni ndi ayamba Taliban. Machenjerero a nkhondo zigawenga kubala zipatso.

Poyankha, Bungwe Security UN anawonjezera zochita ISAF kunja Kabul. Mu 2005, nkhondo ya inafalikira. A okwana 17 anamwalira asilikali Spanish. The ndege imene anali ndikulondera oyandikana nawo, anawomberedwa pansi. Komanso chaka chino, mphamvu NATO ataya wina ndege MH 47, asilikali 16 zolinga wapadera, pafupifupi 50 Asilikali mu madera osiyana a dziko. The zomvetsa anavutika ndi anthu ena a Mgwirizano wa mayiko.

Opaleshoni ku Southern Afghanistan

2006 zinali zodzaza ndi kukhazikitsa magulu NATO kum'mwera Afghanistan. Nkosafuna amanyansidwa limodzi ndi chosunga kulimbana ndale mu Alliance. chakuti ntchito NATO ku Afghanistan unachitikira ndi zamtendere mlandu m'maiko nawo kusafuna nkhondo. Choncho, United Kingdom ndi Canada kuti zikuchepa kukaneneza Netherlands ndi Germany mu kukana ndi amanyansidwa zikuluzikulu kum'mwera. Ngakhale Dutch ndi Germany chiyani ayi kuchokera nawo nkhondo ngati mbali ya ISAF, koma tinayesetsa kudziteteza kwa adani lalikulu.

Komabe amanyansidwa ntchito NATO ku Afghanistan, ngakhale kuti mlanduwo, kunachitika. Pa ntchito "Phiri yojambula" ndi "Medusa" adzawonongedwa 2 zikwi. Taliban. Koma Alliance anataya katundu. Choncho, nkhondo ina, Canada wataya asilikali 21 - kuposa cha machitidwe onse m'dzikolo.

Mu February 2007 Musa Qala anagwidwa ndi Taliban. Izo zinali kokha mu December latsopano Afghanstan asilikali anatha dislodge zigaŵenga ya kunja kwa mzinda. Tikumbukenso kuti adani American anatsala popanda mtsogoleri wawo wauzimu. miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yapitayo, mu May, anapha Mullah Dadullah. Mwina n'chifukwa kugonjetsedwa wa Taliban.

Mu 2007, panali chochitika mwankhanza koposa mu zaka zonse nkhondo Afghanistan. A yoponya mabomba kudzipha kuphulitsa ndi Jeep American ndi Asilikali. Izo zinachitika mu chigawo Shinwar March 4. Ataona zimenezi, Asilikali anatsegula moto pa anthu mtendere Afghanistan. Akuvutika chifukwa cha kuukira anali anthu wamba oposa 20 aphedwe.

August 2, 2007 mu mlengalenga kuponya akulakwitsa mu distilikiti Bagraev anapha anthu pafupifupi 200.

Taliban counteroffensive

zochita asilikali anali mapeto akufa kwa NATO. mayiko a ku Ulaya pambuyo isanayambike kum'mwera kwa mtu anakana kutenga mbali m'mikangano. mbiri Alliance monga bloc lankhondo lamphamvu zedi anagwedezeka. US mavuto ndi kumuopseza ayesa kusunga ku Ulaya kwa achire wa asilikali ake. Anamveka apamwamba "NATO adzakhala nawobe chisavunde", "musataye awononge mgwirizano." Only wamphamvu mfundo analola pang'ono guluu anthuwo mphamvu mgwirizano. Kulimbana pakati pa maiko nawo si mgwirizano, nzeru si anasamutsidwa. Aliyense anali ndi njira zake za nkhondo. Ndipo palibe amene waona cholinga chachikulu cha nkhondoyo, chigonjetso chomaliza. Izi chidaliro mu mzake. Za ntchito NATO anayamba kulankhula kutsogolera andale European. Mwachitsanzo, akale Spanish nduna yaikulu Jose Maria Aznar.

zinthu zikuchitika chakuti Taliban ayamba machenjerero omwewo a nkhondo, monga ndi asilikali Soviet pa nthawi. Yang'anani mphamvu yaikulu malire Pakistani, anagonjetsedwa ndi detachments yaing'ono chitetezo. Ndiye kuwawa lonse la ndege ndi zida zankhondo nkhani m'madera kanthu. Kenako, malire Pakistani zidatunsidwa mpaka mphamvu zazikulu za ndale komanso amene anachititsa kuwononga kwambiri ndi Mgwirizano wa mayiko. Mwachitsanzo, kuukira angapo zoterozo zinali m'chigawo Helmand pafupi ndi Pakistan. Adani anataya tactically m'njira imene si atayamba kulamulira malire. cholakwa ndi zayambitsa ofanana.

Zotsatira za nkhondo

Nkhondo Afghanistan, 2001-2014 gg. Zawachititsa zotsatira izi:

• olimba Political a dziko ndi sichinayambe zimatheka. Mutu wa Afghanistan Hamid Karzai ananena kuti palibe asilikali NATO iye sanasunge dziko.
• Alliance zomvetsa. Pa ntchito ndi "Kupirira Ufulu" wataya pafupi 2.5 zikwi. Man. Anthu oposa theka la iwo - America.
• Kuwonjezeka kupanga bongo. Malinga ndi kafukufuku kuyambirira bungwelo pa kukhala wa NATO ku Afghanistan, kupanga poppy chawonjezeka ndi nthawi 40.

US, kumene atsogolere ndi mbali zabwino za kusagwirizanako. Choncho, malinga ndi mtsogoleri American Baraka Obamy, mu Afghanistan woyikidwa kuti ndale. Taliban mphamvu awonongedwa. Koma kuti ndibwereze mutu wa dziko lino lamapiri, ndiye M'mawa kusiya la asilikali Mgwirizano, ndi Taliban kachiwiri anagwira mphamvu Afghanistan. Komanso mwa ubwino mtsogoleri nkhondo yotchedwa kupha "Al-Qaeda" Osama bin othodwa. Iwo anakwanitsa kuthetsa May 2, 2011 pa ntchito yapadera mu Pakistan. Koma kuti awononge chiwerengero zigawenga 1, sipafunika kutumiza asilikali ku Pakistan. A ntchito zofanana izichitika ku Afghanistan popanda ovulala zosafunika wamba.

Choncho, akatswiri onse ankhondo kuzindikira kulephera kwa ntchito NATO ku Afghanistan. America ngati kukhala pa impasse ndi, kumene n'zovuta kutuluka popanda kutaya mbiri.