Muyezo chitsanzo cha chilengedwe

The Standard Model - chiphunzitso chomwe chimayimira ulaliki masiku ano nkhani choyambirira m'munsi yomanga wa chilengedwe chonse. chitsanzo ichi limafotokoza mmene nkhaniyi aumbike ku zigawo zake zikuluzikulu, mphamvu za mogwirizana ulipo pakati pa zigawo zake.

Akamanena za chitsanzo muyezo

Mu dongosolo zake, particles kupulayimale (nucleons) zimaphatikizapo phata, komanso particles aliyense lolemera (hadrons) zigwirizana particles ngakhale ang'onoang'ono yaikulu otchedwa ofunika.

zinthu izi choyambirira pa nkhaniyi tsopano ankaona quarks. Kwambiri zosavuta ndi wamba quarks anawagawa chapamwamba (u) ndi kutsikira (d). Purotoni tichipeza osakaniza quarks uud, ndi nyutironi - udd. Lamulira u-quark ndi 2/3, pamene D-quark - zoipa mlandu -1/3. Ngati ife kuwerengera ndalama milandu quark, ndi mlandu wa purotoni ndi nyutironi analandira mosamalitsa wofanana 1 ndi 0. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti muyezo chitsanzo mwamtheradi mokwanira limafotokoza zenizeni.

Pali awiriawiri angapo quarks, amene amapanga particles kwambiri zosowa. Choncho, awiri chachiwiri zimapanga enchanted (s) ndi osamvetseka (s) quark, ndi awiri wachitatu - woona (T) ndi wokongola (b).

Pafupifupi onse particles kuti amatha kulosera za chitsanzo muyezo kale chinatseguka kuyesera.

Kupatula quarks monga "nyumba zingatipunthwitse" ndi otchedwa leptons. Iwo apanga magulu atatu a particles: ndi elekitironi ku elekitironi neutrino, muon neutrino muon, matchalitchi anayamba lepton matchalitchi anayamba lepton-neutrino.

Quarks ndi leptons, malinga ndi asayansi, ndi chachikulu zomangila pamaziko a umene unalengedwa chitsanzo yamakono ya chilengedwe chonse. Amayamba kucheza kudzera tinthu-onyamula kuti zimafalitsa mphamvu nyemba. Pali mitundu zinayi zofunika mogwirizana ngati:

- amphamvu, umene quark anapitiriza mkati particles;

- mu atomu;

- ofooka, imbaenda ku maonekedwe a kuwola;

- yokoka.

Amphamvu mtundu mogwirizana anasamutsa particles otchedwa gluons amene alibe misa ndi mlandu magetsi. chromodynamics kwadzidzidzi akuphunzira umenewu mogwirizana.

Mogwirizana mu atomu kumachitika mwa nzeru misa mosatsata photons - quanta cheza mu atomu.

Mogwirizana ofooka ndi chifukwa bosons chachikulu vekitala, amene ali pafupifupi nthaŵi 90 more mapulotoni.

mogwirizana yokoka amapereka gravitons kulankhulana amene alibe misa. Komabe, experimentally kudziwa particles izi sizinathe anapambana.

Standard chitsanzo amaona woyamba zitatu zimene zimachitika pakati pa mawonetseredwe atatu osiyana zachilengedwe limodzi. Mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu mkulu kutentha, amene ntchito m'chilengedwe chonse, makamaka zinaphatikizidwa pamodzi, kotero kuti sangathe ndiye kuzindikira. Choyamba, asayansi apeza, kuphatikiza ndi mphamvu nyukiliya ndi mu atomu. Chifukwa, izo amalenga mogwirizana electroweak zimene tingapereke kusunga mu Laboratories zamakono pa accelerators pulayimale tinthu.

Chilengedwe zamoyo limanena kuti m'nthawi ya magwero ake mu milliseconds loyamba pamene Big Bang, kusiyana mphamvu mu atomu ndi nyukiliya panalibe. Izo zinali kokha pambuyo kuchepetsa avareji kutentha kwa chilengedwe 10 14K, amitundu inayi mogwirizana anatha anasiyana ndi tione ano. Padakali pano, nyengo inali pamwamba chilemba ichi, ankachita pokha lofunika mphamvu yokoka, wamphamvu ndiponso zimene ankachita electroweak.

mogwirizana Electroweak pamodzi nyukiliya amphamvu pa kutentha 10 27 K, kuti n'kosatheka zasayansi zamakono. Koma mphamvu izi tsopano sadziwa ngakhale chilengedwe yokha, pang'ono kutsimikiza kapena kutsutsa mfundo imeneyi si koma n'zotheka. Koma chiphunzitso amene akufotokoza njira ya ankachita amatilola kupereka ena zolosera za njira zikuchitika pa milingo mphamvu m'munsi. Ndipo odziŵa za izi tsopano anatsimikizira experimentally.

Choncho, muyezo chitsanzo amapereka chiphunzitso cha loukitsa Akufa, nkhani imakhala ya leptons ndi quarks, ndi ankachita pakati pa particles izi zafotokozedwa mu ziphunzitso chachikulu logwirizana. Model koma ndi chosakwanira chifukwa sakhala ndi mogwirizana yokoka. Ndi pofuna kukwaniritsa sayansi ndi umisiri, chitsanzo izi zikhoza wodzilemekeza ndiponso akupangidwa koma pakadali - ziri zonse zimene asayansi anatha kukhala.