Complete ulamuliro ndi zina zimachitika jini

Ambiri a ife tamva za lalikulu ndi recessive majini - zina zobisika mu matupi athu unyolo wathu nyukiliotayidi, amene ali ndi udindo makhalidwe tinatengera. Kodi kucheza? Kodi ulamuliro ndi momwe izo zimachitika? Chifukwa alleles recessive kuti si nthawi zonse kuletsedwa ndi lalikulu? Nkhanizi ndi asayansi kuyambira atulukira chibadwa.

Mbiri ya kafukufuku

allele mogwirizana ndi zonse chidwi kwambiri kwa geneticists. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mogwirizana jini - ulamuliro wathunthu, superdominance, allelism angapo, chosakwanira ulamuliro ndi kodominirovanie.

Moyenerera ikutchedwa bambo wa chibadwa ano, Gregor Mendel anali woyamba kuchita chidwi ndi malamulo a kufala kwa makhalidwe cholowa. Pa zatsopano wake wotchuka pa mwakusakaniza zomera mtola, Mendel anaona kuti ulendo wa nandolo wachikasu ndi wobiriwira suchokera mu khalidwe wapakatikati. Mu m'badwo woyamba onse anali chikasu mtola. Mendel yekha ngati iye analephera kuufotokoza zotsatira za kafukufuku kwambiri. Maziko ongolankhula anadza kwambiri Patapita chitsitsimutso chidwi chibadwa ndipo anapeza wa mayunitsi chiyambidwe cha chibadwa - la jini lapansi. Chimene chimadalira pa iye mtundu wa mtola, mawonekedwe mphuno, diso mtundu, msinkhu, pamaso pa matenda maselo a anthu.

Tiyeni tionenso zimenezo Mendel. Pakuti mtundu wachikasu limafanana ndi nandolo A jini kwa wobiriwira - a. Podutsa mizere iwiri yosiyana koyera akuwaza adzakhala motere:

P: AA × AA

F1: AA AA AA AA

Ngakhale kuti mu genotype ya chifukwa chifukwa cha mtanda kuswana kwa zomera anali losokonekera ndi wachikasu ndi wobiriwira mtundu, kenako akuwonetseredwa chikasu yekha. M'mawu ena, khalidwe lalikulu ndi recessive kwathunthu anaposa. Mofananamo, anatengera mawonekedwe a nandolo - yosalala anaposa makwinya. Ndi chitsanzo, ndipo amasonyeza ulamuliro wathunthu wa chibadwa - ndi yimitsira wa chizindikiro kawirikawiri pamaso pa genotype recessive mu zonsezo.

Zitsanzo za ulamuliro wathunthu

Crossbreeding osiyana zomera mtundu - osati malo omwe ulamuliro wathunthu kuwonetseredwa. Zitsanzo a mtundu umenewu mogwirizana kungachititse kuti ndi ku munda wa chibadwa anthu: ngati kholo limodzi ali maso bulauni, wachiwiri - buluu, ndipo onse homozygous kwa zilembo izi, ndiye ana onse adzakhala nacho maso bulauni.

Mofananamo, pamaso pa tinatengera RH chinthu, polydactyly, madontho madontho, tsitsi mdima. Zizindikiro zonsezi lalikulu, ndipo sadzalola kuwonekera fenotayipi ndi recessive.

Complete ulamuliro chofunika kwambiri cholowa cha matenda chibadwa. Ambiri a iwo (Tay-Sachs matenda, matenda Urbach-Vite matenda Günther a), ndi tinatengera mu autosomal unsembe recessive, kuti, mu kukhalapo kwa genotype la jini yachibadwa (lalikulu) ZOOPSA allele sanali yekha.

chosakwanira ulamuliro

Chosakwanira ulamuliro - choyimira cha mogwirizana jini nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu chirengedwe. Pamene recessive allele ndi kuletsedwa si lalikulu kwathunthu ndi fenotayipi limapezeka latsopano, wogwirizira opatsidwa. A chitsanzo chapadera cha chosakwanira ulamuliro - penti chilengedwe maluwa. Ngati mbewu mtanda ofiira ndi oyera, ndi mbadwo pogawanikana pamawere fenotayipi adzakhala motere: 1 (AA): 2 (AA): 1 (AA). Ndiko kuti, maluwa wina ndi wofiira, woyera ndi awiri pinki. Otsiriza chitsanzo cha ulamuliro chosakwanira, monga khalidwe lenileni, wofiira, kuletsedwa recessive incompletely. chifukwa kumaonekeranso thupi zotsatira za chibadwa onse.

Chosakwanira ulamuliro ndi khalidwe osati kwa chilengedwe, komanso maluwa ena ambiri: snapdragons, tulips, carnations.

superdominance

Superdominance - chidwi ndi penapake paradoxical ankachita mtundu jini, mmene fenotayipi mu heterozygous chamoyo (BB) lalikulu jini khalidwe kwambiri kuposa fenotayipi wa homozygous (BB). Superdominance amapezeka zachilengedwe zambiri ulamuliro monga wathunthu. Chitsanzo ndi HBB jini kusintha imene amachepetsa chiopsezo kuchepa malungo.

Kodominirovanie

Pali mitundu ingapo chidwi majini mogwirizana ndi mmodzi wa iwo - kodominirovanie. Pankhaniyi allele lalikulu si amabisa kapena kupondereza fenotayipi recessive mu makhalidwe onse linalake mmene chionetsero yokha.

Chophweka njira kumvetsa chodabwitsa ndi kodominirovaniya chitsanzo cha red-woyera maluwa rhododendron, kapena usiku wokongola. Chotero ochekenera analandira ndi kudutsa maluwa ofiira ndi oyera, ndi ngakhale sakhala ofiira ndi wamphamvu, zilibe zimalepheretsa allele udindo kuyera. Ndi kutulutsa yachilendo mitundu iwiri kamvekedwe ndi AA genotype.

Chitsanzo ndi limagwirira a magulu magazi cholowa kodominirovaniya. Tiyerekeze kholo limodzi magazi chachiwiri gulu (I ^A Ine ^A), wachitatu ndi wachiwiri (I ^B Ine ^B), ndiye mwana ndi gulu chachinayi kuti si wapakatikati pakati pa wachiwiri ndi wachitatu, ndi genotype Ine ^A Ine ^B.