MLRS BM 30 "Twister": makhalidwe, zithunzi

Kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World Mtengo wa dongosolo zotakasika matope kumawonjezera yekha. Komabe, lero iwo n'kuyamba zotakasika machitidwe ananyoza-moto (MLRS), koma tanthauzo la mtundu wa chida zikutsatiridwa, "chikhasu" malo mdani wotanganidwa, wosasiya mwayi ndikuzolowera osati oyenda, kapena ngakhale zimagalimoto. Ndipo BM 30 "Twister" ndi ntchito awa akhoza kusamalira bwino.

mfundo zofunika

Anaikira kuleza chotupa gulu la mipherezero mdani. Mipherezero oyenera dongosolo lino kutetezedwa ndi kutetezedwa wamoyo mphamvu ya mdani, oti muli nazo zida ndi zofewa-chikopa magalimoto (kuphatikizapo mitundu chachikulu kwambiri akasinja), airfields, asilikali ndiponso anthu wamba, kachitidwe nkhokwezi chida. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito chiwonongeko akulimbana wa zomangamanga mafakitale, kuononga malo lamulo ndi malo ena ofunika kulankhulana.

kamangidwe

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1969 mpaka 1976 mu Tula ntchito ya tima pa kupeza njira zatsopano kukhala kachitidwe angapo Launch roketi, amene adzakhala mu nkhani ya nkhondo zikuluzikulu akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wapadera zida mphamvu malo. lamulo A lomwe linalamula chiyambi cha chilengedwe ndi BM 30 "Smerch" inatuluka mu December 1976.

Udindo waukulu mu chitukuko cha anagona loyamba A. N. Ganicheve, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku G. A. Denezhkinu. Kale kumayambiriro 1982, ndi MRL zatsopano bwinobwino zapita magawo onse a mayesero boma. Komabe, mu utumiki okha mu 1987, pambuyo kuwonongedwa kwa gulu opanga ena zolakwika ofunika. Koma iwo sanali kugwirizana ndi ena zolakwika ndi zolakwika kamangidwe ka mitundu yatsopano ya zida, ndipo kufunika kwa kulenga ingapezeke zipolopolo, monga swatches alipo sitingakhale sizikugwirizana ndi "mphepo yamkuntho" chinawonjezeka nkhondowo mphamvu.

Dongosolo zotakasika a mbadwo watsopano

Ntchito zachitika mu nkhani iyi ndi yaikulu kwambiri kuti BM 30 "Twister" angatchedwe mbadwo watsopano wa mtundu uwu wa zida. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha mlili wa chilengedwe cha mitundu atsopano a zipolopolo. Apa tiyenera kupanga MPATUKO pang'ono. Pamene Achimereka analenga MLRS MLRS, iwo anazindikira mosapita m'mbali kuti osiyanasiyana 30-40 Km kachitidwe awa ndi pazipita kupitirira zomwe ukulu wokhala mwa kupezeka akugwiritsabe ntchito zawo tanthauzo.

Koma kutukula "Chimphepo" ndi njira choterocho si wachibadidwe kutsutsana. Anakhoza kulenga zipolopolo wapadera: iwo osati kuuluka kwa mtunda malire, koma pa nthawi yomweyo amasiyana ochepa mitengo madyaidya ndikuledzera kuti aposa ofanana machitidwe achilendo ndi kawiri kapena katatu. Pomaliza, kupambana waukulu Tula chinali chifukwa chakuti zipolopolo athu oyamba anayamba kugonja kwa Cannon zida zankhondo kusintha pambuyo Launch.

Features zipolopolo

chakuti wapadera inertial dongosolo malangizo wakhala mbali zinalengedwera. Imakhala olimba apamwamba pa mbali yoyamba ya njira yodutsamo, komanso ngati Kukonzanso roketi apaulendo. M'menemo zizindikiro masamu pamaziko a makumi zifukwa zambirimbiri, kuphatikizapo "anamangirira" kutentha, mphepo liwiro ndi malangizo kuyenda, chinyezi, ndi zina zotero. D.

MLRS maroketi kapena

Si chinsinsi kuti pa innings N. S. Hruscheva, amene anazunzidwa "raketomaniey" anapita pansi mpeni zitsanzo zambiri zingamuthandize wa howitzers ndi zina Cannon zida zankhondo, limene kwa zaka zambiri wakhala mochedwa chitukuko cha ntchito imeneyi m'dziko lathu. Kuti zikachitika, "Kankhani" chilengedwe zake BM 30 "Smerch", ndi kutukula wa Tula anali kuyala mmenemo makhalidwe umene ungampange kutsimikizira kasamalidwe akuluakulu a dongosolo lapadera. Only mu nkhani iyi izi adzakhala ndi mwayi kulandiridwa mu utumiki.

Koma n'chifukwa chiyani kukhudza pa nkhani umunthu Khrushchev, ngati iye anasiya mphamvu mu 1964? chakuti ntchito pa chilengedwe cha machitidwe wachibadidwe watsopano ananyoza moto zinachitika kuyambira mochedwa 50s, koma amayenera kuchita izo, pafupifupi popanda kuika patsogolo mu kutchuka. Komabe, mu 1964, Khrushchev kumanzere, ndipo L. I. Brezhnev chilengedwe cha umisiri chiyani saletsa. Koma zikuchitika ndawapatsa zotsatira zomwe zakhala zabwino kwambiri.

MRL BM 30 "Twister" ali osiyanasiyana ndi "knockdown", limene lili penapake pakati machitidwe tingachipeze powerenga zotakasika salvo ndi machitidwe chida. Kwenikweni, kwa nthawi yoyamba pa ntchito nkhondowo "Smerch" machimo ndi ku chida wagawo kuti akutsimikiza ulemu kwa iwo anachereza akuluakulu mkulu wa asilikali yemwe ndi USSR.

udindo Current

Atsopano akweza Baibulo la MLRS BM 30 "Twister" linasindikizidwa mu 1989. Today njira izi mu utumiki osati dziko lathu. toyesa Awa ku Ukraine, Belarus, Kuwait ndi UAE. Anatinso chidwi mu galimoto mobwerezabwereza anasonyeza kuti anthu a India ndi China, koma palibe deta boma kugulitsa zida kapena njira zamakono kwa pochimanga palibe. Komabe, sikuti kukusalani chakuti zitsanzo ano MRL China, mofanana kwambiri za "Smerch", pafupifupi ndithu anamumanga m'chifaniziro cha makina anthu kuti Chinese mu 90 ndi intensively ogulidwa kuchokera Ukrainians chomwecho.

kachitidwe

Anthu ambiri mwanjira amakhulupirira kuti mbali ya angapo roketi launchers BM 30 "Smerch" akusungidwira yekha magalimoto ndi makontena kwa kukulozani projectiles, nthawi zambiri kuonekera mu uthenga lovomerezeka ndi zithunzi. Koma si choncho:

• chuma yokha kumenyana makina 9K58.
• Machine kwa magalimoto ndi kupereka 9T234-2 zipolopolo.
• Zipolopolo za zipolopolo, amene akhoza zimasiyana kwambiri malingana ndi ntchito.
• Zinthu zooneka ndi zipangizo maphunziro.
• 9F819 zida, womwenso onse zipangizo apadera kwa kukonza, ndi njira kusintha zida mkulu-mwatsatanetsatane.
• makina moto dongosolo kulamulira "Ponyani-1."
• Machine yokwaniritsira topographic mtunda, zotsatira za amene ntchito kuti amange kuti mbali ikuyendera ndipo makamaka mpumulo kwambiri.
• Radiopelengatsionnaya unsembe 1B44. Timatha nthawi kudziŵa pasadakhale mdani, kukhazikitsa wochitidwa ndi wailesi, kuphatikizapo encrypted.

Obweretsa Launcher imakhala galimotoyo ndi mawonekedwe tubular ndipo amatsogolera galimoto mtunda MAZ-543. Zida zankhondo dongosolo yakwera pa kumbuyo ndi kanyumba kutsogolo ili dalaivala ndi oyendetsa mipando, zida, mwa zina, zikutanthauza kuti aiming ndi kuwombera. MRL akhoza bwinobwino ntchito zosiyanasiyana nyengo ndi nyengo, pa yozungulira kutentha kwa +50 kuti -50 digiri Celsius.

Kulimbana makhalidwe a dongosolo

Ndi BM 30 "mphepo yamkuntho" yowotcha osiyanasiyana pamene ntchito? Chirichonse ndi wachibale, ndi zinthu zodabwitsa za dongosolo - makamaka. Choncho, ngati lodziwika bwino "Grad" imachititsa malo mahekala 4 ndi mtunda wa 20 Km, "Mphepo Yamkuntho" Chinthu chochititsa chidwi pa mtunda wa 35 Km dera mahekitala 29, ndi American MLRS yoyaka kwa mahekitala 33 pa 33 Km mtunda ... Zimenezo BM 30 " Smerch ", makhalidwe ntchitoyo amene ali wosangalatsa, imachititsa mahekitala 67 chabe, ndi Launch osiyanasiyana makilomita 70!

Akuti kuti kukweza atsopano angadwale mtunda izi mpaka makilomita zana. Komanso, mosiyana kwa chakale "Grad" zida za dongosolo lino silingakhoze kokha kuletsa mdani magalimoto oti muli nazo zida, zidzasintha ndi kupereka mikwingwirima gulu lake. Amangoika kuswa ngakhale akasinja yolemera pa kukhudzana pafupi chifukwa ochulukaŵa mphamvu zowononga. Kotero kuti angapo roketi launchers BM 30 "Twister" - mantha zida za mphamvu zochuluka zowononga.

Makhalidwe ntchito zipolopolo

Pa kunyanyala kuwonana koyamba kwa maziko a likungosonyeza awo - mamilimita 300 basi! Kamangidwe - muyezo kuuluka bwino potsatira njira, olimba mafuta boosters, amayendera chisakanizo cha zigawo zingapo. Monga tanena kale, mbali awo zimasiyanitsa ndi pamaso pa dongosolo ndege mphamvu zikusintha phula ndi "Kozlenev" pa mpikisano. luso Izi bwino yolondola kuwombera osachepera kawiri pa mtunda lakutali, ndi ukulu wa kupezeka ngakhale mu zinthu kwambiri chowawa si upambana mtengo wa 0,21% ya mfuti osiyanasiyana.

Mwachidule, ngakhale pamene kuwombera pa mtunda wa 70 Km, zipolopolo kugwa ndi kupatuka a palibe mamita oposa 150 kuchokera cholinga ankafuna. Chiwerengerochi ofanana BM 30 9K58 "Smerch" kachitidwe kamakono barreled zida zankhondo!

Kuwukonza njira ndege

Kudzudzulidwa ikuchitika ndi chiwongolero gasi zazikulu actuated kuthamanga mpweya kuchokera adakwera jenereta mpweya. Komanso, olimba wa projectile mu ndege ndi chifukwa kasinthasintha ake za olamulira kotenga anapereka Kukwezeleza provisional pa kayendedwe ka namulondola tubular ndipo anathandiza mu ndege ndi khazikitsa masamba dontho stabilizer pa ngodya kwa olamulira kotenga wa projectile lapansi.

Zikuchokera muyezo zipolopolo

Mitundu zotsatirazi zipolopolo angakhale m'gulu zikuchokera yolimbanirana ndi:

• 9M55F, mtundu kwambiri bwino. Warhead - detachable kapamwamba ndi mtundu mkulu-zachiwawa kanthu.
• 9M55K. Yodziwika makaseti warhead muli fission mankhwala 72 kumenya membala.
• 9M55K1. Komanso ali ndi makaseti warhead, koma mu nkhani iyi muli asanu zipolopolo ang'onoang'ono kudziletsa kutsata.
• 9M55K4. Makaseti warhead lili anayi migodi odana thanki, anafuna m'madera akumidzi migodi.
• 9M55K5. ndi makaseti ndi mphako-kuyang'anira warhead kugawikana submunitions;
• 9M55S ndi warhead thermobaric;
• 9M528 pamodzi ndi kugawikana warhead.

yowotcha

Mukhoza kuwombera akatemera osakwatira kapena bursts. zipolopolo onse akhoza linapereka masekondi 38. Kapena afunika akhoza lizilamuliridwa ku cockpit kapena kutali ndi. Za mphamvu zochitika za anati osachepera chakuti atatu mayunitsi amenewa kuti nkhondowo mogwira si wochepa ndi mizinga awiri "Tochka-U." Mmodzi salvo zonse nkhondo ndi zokwana limodzi ankatha nthawi mpaka 400 000 sq. M. Mwachidule, ndi BM 30 "Smerch" lomwe lili chithunzi m'nkhani - kwenikweni ndi zida zamphamvu kuthekera amene kuuzira ulemu oona mtima.

Kulemera okwana lililonse projectile mosaganizira mtundu wake, ndi makilogalamu 800, ndi warhead kwambiri ali kuti makilogalamu 280. Standard ngodya yofikira chandamale - kuchokera madigiri 30 mpaka 60, koma mitundu ina ya projectiles angathe ndi madzi mopendekeka ndi madigiri 90. Amenewa "meteorites" Leaky lolemera zida kupyolera.

Ngakhale ngati malowedwe a si kuphulika kwa makilogalamu 280 mabomba pafupi ndi thanki - imfa kuchokera contusion kwambiri kwa oyendetsa wake, ndi galimoto adzalandira kumawononga amenewa popanda kukonza ngakhale malo kusuntha. Chifukwa ichi, PM 30 "Twister" kapena MRL "mphepo yamkuntho" (chidole amakono) akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira kukatseka mizati thanki pa kuguba. Zofanana ndi zimenezi zinachitika ku Georgia mu 2008, pamene "Grad" yokutidwa ndi gulu la akasinja Chijojiya kugumula ku malo a asilikali athu.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri za kukulitsa

Monga tanena kale, ndi wamakono wa dongosolo zinachitikadi mu 1989. M'kupita kwa izo izo linasintha pafupifupi zonse zamagetsi ndipo wailesi navigation "kudzaza" zovuta lonse:

• Anawonjezera kuti n'zotheka mkulu-liwiro mwatsatanetsatane deta kuwombola ndi likulu ndi magulu ena "Smerch", mfundo ndi encrypted ndi mosamalitsa kutetezedwa akunja kulowelera.
• dongosolo Autonomous womangidwa kwa makhalidwe mtunda wa m'deralo ndi kusonyeza zambiri pa amasonyeza amagetsi mu zenizeni nthawi.
• Makinawa mawerengedwe a ndege ntchito ndi athandizira ake.
• Luso kukonzekera bwinobwino yoika kuwombera, kuphatikizapo analamula ndi aiming popanda kutuluka kwa anthu a pa kanyumba.

Chifukwa zaluso posachedwapa BM 30 "Smerch" makhalidwe amene takambirana, wakhala kwambiri yoyenda yokha ndi oopsa dongosolo. Kuyambira tsopano, ndi gunners akanamupatsa salvo ndipo pomwepo kutapa pa udindo loyambirira, lomwe kwambiri amachepetsa Mwina kudziwika ndi Kupha makhazikitsidwe mdani.