Mkuwa - ndi aloyi zikuchokera. Mipweya zamkuwa

anthu ambiri amadziwa zamkuwa ndi kuti aponyedwa ku ziboliboli ndi zipilala. Ndipotu zitsulo mosatsata anthu chidwi kwakukulu. Osati chabe mwa mbiri ya anthu anali ngakhale Mkuwa Age - nyengo lonse, imene aloyi yapangitsa udindo lalikulu. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zingapo ntchito onse makampani ndi paluso. Makhalidwe wogwidwa ndi aloyi zamkuwa ndi malata si singasiyanitsidwe m'mafakitale ambiri. Izo ntchito popanga mfuti, nyumba makina, ndi jekeseni wa mabelu mpingo, ndi zina zotero. Choncho pali lero ambiri zizindikiro zitsulo, omwe ali ndi zina katundu chisanadze amatsatira.

The ntchito zamkuwa lomaliza

Kutchula koyamba za aloyi zamkuwa ndi malata amenewa analembedwa IV Zakachikwi BC. Ndi izi yojambula luso, molingana ndi azambiriyakale, tiyeni chitukuko cha ku Mesopotamiya kutenga kanthawi ndi udindo waukulu. zofukulidwa m'mabwinja ikuchitika kum'mwera Iran, amasonyeza kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zamkuwa kupanga arrowheads, daggers, mikondo, nkhwangwa, malupanga. Pakati amapeza pali ngakhale ziwiya kunyumba, monga mipando ndi kalirole, komanso mitsuko, amphorae, Miphika ndi mbale. Pakuti minting ndalama wakale ndi zodzikongoletsera kupanga ntchito aloyi chomwecho.

Mkuwa mu Ages Middle akuyamba ntchito mwakhama Europe. Kuyambira iwo udzabala zinthu chachikulu ngati mifuti ndi domes mpingo. Pa nthawi ina, ndi chitukuko cha luso lopanga, monga mosalekeza zitsulo amadziwikanso zinaonedwa. Anazindikira, makamaka kwa odana ndi mikangano ndi odana ndi dzimbiri katundu. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti nkhaniyo ntchito kale, anali ndi yosiyana ndi zimene lero ndi mkuwa. The aloyi zikuchokera zizindikiro kuchuluka zosafunika zazing'ono kwambiri kusokoneza zidazo.

Mipweya zamkuwa zamakono

Today mu zipangizo otchedwa mkuwa aloyi zitsulo ziwiri zamkuwa ndi malata amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu kufanana zosiyanasiyana. Kuti zitsulo wa ya makhalidwe ndi awiri izi mwina zidzawonjezedwa nthaka, phosphorous, magnesium, otsogolera pakachitsulo. Pamaso zosafunika mosayembekezera ndi luso lero uli pafupifupi kusanduka ziro.

Nthawi zambiri n'losaloleka chiŵerengero zamkuwa malata mu anapangira 85 peresenti 15. Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anati chigawo chachiwiri munsimu mlingo zikutipatsa chiwerengero cha mavuto, waukulu umene ndi gawo kulekana. Mawu amenewa amanena za ntchito zitsulo aloyi stratification ndi oipa m'goli.

Mphamvu ya aloyi pa mtundu khalidwe

anthu odziwa angaphunzire zambiri za nkhaniyo, monga mwa kuyang'ana pa mtundu, amene ali mkuwa ndi. The zikuchokera kwa zimakhudza mwachindunji pa chizindikiro ichi. Inu anaganiza izo, wofiira hue amapereka aloyi mkuwa. Choncho, kuchepa anthu ake mokomera zigawo zina zikutanthauza kusintha mwapang'onopang'ono mtundu malankhulidwe ndi wosasamala.

Mu zigawo ochiritsira pepala (85% mkuwa) mkuwa amatha kuumba yellowness. Baibulo limeneli angapezeke zambiri. White aloyi analandira pambuyo kusintha chiŵerengero kuti 50:50. Koma mkuwa ndi kukhala imvi, muyenera kuchepetsa zamkuwa 35%.

Koma kusintha makhalidwe yeniyeni ya aloyi pamene kuyesa ndodo yake, zinthu motere. The ductility zakuthupi kudzadalira zili malata m'menemo. Ndi zosakwana kwambiri ofewa adzakhala mkuwa, koma izi ziri zoona zokha mpaka malire ena. Choncho, pamene mlingo wa 50% aloyi amakhala zofewa kachiwiri.

mkuwa luso

Olimba chuma, ndi Pankhaniyi mokwanira otsika limatsogolera kutentha ndi ductility wabwino, sanathe kukhala ndi chidwi anthu kulenga, mu ojambula zithunzi makamaka. Kale mu V-IV m'ma BC ku Greece anali zinayenda bwino zing'onozing'ono luso kupanga ziboliboli mkuwa, limene masiku ano. Amakhala mu chifanizo cha zinthu flameproof poyamba m'malo sera, imene mwachindunji adzawonongedwa pa kuponyera. Chifukwa chaichi zojambula ali woyamba kupanga pulasitala lachitsanzo, ndipo pambuyo muchikombole kuti kuponyera. Sera zili atadziŵa kutentha chabe chimasungunula, ndipo akutenga malo ake mkuwa, zomwe amazizira solidifies. Kenako likhoza pokonza ndi kubweretsa ku ungwiro.

zida zankhondo zitsulo

Kupanga mfuti komanso m'tsogolo ndi zina zida za nkhondo, izo nthawizonse wakhala ntchito mkuwa. The zikuchokera aloyi, amene ntchito zolinga zimenezi zambiri lili 90% mkuwa ndi 10% malata yekha. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mfundo mfuti ayenera kukhala amphamvu kwambiri ndi kutenga mkulu kwamakokedwe mphamvu. makhalidwe amenewa ndi mkuwa Brand BrAZhMts10-3-1.5. Kuwonjezera zigawo zikuluzikulu za kapangidwe kake zili 1.2% ya manganese, amene kumawonjezera frictional ndi kutentha makhalidwe.

belu kupanga mpingo

Bell mumafuna muziyamba kuchapa ali kukhala melodic, koma phokoso ake ayenera kukondweretsa khutu chapatali. Oddly zokwanira, koma mkuwa ali talente nyimbo. Kusintha belu phokoso amapangidwa ndi aloyi ndi mkulu zili malata (20 22%). Nthawi zina, komanso anawonjezera pang'ono siliva. Stamps zamkuwa, amene ntchito mu kupanga mabelu ndi zida zina percussion kuti tiligwiritse ntchito m'mafakitale zina ndi zosafunika mwamtheradi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti aloyi uyu ali ndi chabwino kapangidwe tirigu ndi kuchuluka fragility.

Phosphoric acid ndi zotayidwa zamkuwa

aloyi Choyamba ongokhala 90% mkuwa, ndi 9% malata ndi 1% phosphorous anali ntchito pa 1871 Künzel chaka. Iye natchedwa phosphor mkuwa, ndi zinthu zopezeka tanthauzo lake makamaka luso lopanga. Iye anachotsa zosiyanasiyana m'madera makina kuti ongoyendayenda kuchuluka kukhululukirana. Phosphorus M'pofunika kuwonjezeka elasticity ndi kuwongolera katundu anticorrosive. Ubwino waukulu wa zitsulo izi kuti limathandiza matendawa, aliyense mu kuponya.

Zotayidwa mkuwa, zikuchokera amene losiyana okhutira mkulu zamkuwa (95%), maonekedwe ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi golide. Kuwonjezera kukongola, ubwino zina zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, Kuwonjezera 5% aloyi zotayidwa chimathandiza kupirira kukhudzana yaitali mapangidwe aukali monga hyperacidity.

Monga chuma kupanga m'madera osiyanasiyana makina yogwira zitsulo pafupifupi konsekonse m'malo phosphoric mkuwa mu mphero pepala ndi kupanga ufa chifukwa apamwamba kauntala chophukacho.

Pakachitsulo ndi mkuwa manganese

Pakachitsulo anawonjezera kuti aloyi kuti tizikonda madutsidwe. Khalidweli ntchito kupanga mawaya telefoni. Reference pakachitsulo mkuwa zikuchokera ndi motere: 97,12% mkuwa, 1:14% tini 0,05% pakachitsulo.

The ndondomeko zovuta kwambiri kupeza kumadzitamandira aloyi munali manganese. Ndondomeko lonse chikuchitika mu magawo angapo. ferromangan Choyamba anawonjezera kuti chiphala chamkuwa. Ndiye, patapita kutentha anakonzeratu, anawonjezera kuti tini ndi nthaka, ngati n'koyenera. British olimba Bronce Company manufactures mitundu yambiri ya mkuwa manganese, ndi kukhuthala osiyana ndi kuuma. Kugwiritsa ndi aloyi ofanana akhoza pafupifupi mafakitale onse.