Othandizira kusintha - ndi zipangizo zatsopano ndi mbiri yakale

Zothandiza zimatha mafuta amadziwika kuti anthu kuyambira nthawi makedzana. Izo ntchito mafuta ndi zipangizo za ulimi wa ulusi kupanga ndi mapulasitiki. Pa nthawi yomweyo anthu nthawi zonse anafunafuna azipeza phindu kuwapeza processing wa utsi gasi. Njira chinali othandizira kusintha - ndondomeko imene wafunsira apamwamba mafuta ndi chimasanduka onunkhira. Njira imeneyi processing mafuta kupangidwa kumbuyo mu 1911, ndipo kuyambira 1939 luso ntchito padziko lonse mafakitale. Popeza mafuta okumba pansi distillation njira zonse bwino. Lero ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zovuta kuzimvetsa ndi ogwira njira zopangira mafuta ndi nambala mkulu octeni.

mafuta distillation

Othandizira kusintha - dongosolo la dehydrogenation (abstraction wa hydrogen kuchokera mankhwala organic molekyulu) zisanu ndi ziwalo naphthenes pamaso pa faifi tambala ndi ena zitsulo za gulu pulatinamu pa kutentha, imbaenda kuna mapangidwe mankhwala onunkhira. M'mawu ena, ndondomeko imene umabala mkulu-octeni mankhwala - reformate - kuchokera ku zipangizo otsika kwambiri yaiwisi - owongoka kuthamanga mafuta.

chifukwa chachikulu chifukwa chomwe ambiri anayala kukonzanso - nkhawa chilengedwe. Lisanaperekedwe, kuti apeze mafuta ndi mkulu octeni chiwerengero antiknock ntchito kutsogolera ofotokoza. Pamene kukonzanso mpweya ndi pafupifupi kwina.

The mankhwala chifukwa

Kutsatira njira imeneyi n'zotheka kuti apange chidali petrochemical feedstock - benzene, toluene, onunkhira hydrocarbon. Lero, othandizira kusintha - ndi njira imene kupeza matani mamiliyoni 480 katundu petrochemical pachaka padziko lonse.

Waukulu yotsiriza mankhwala a kayendedwe ka ulimi ndi reformate - mafuta ndi octeni mlingo wa 93-102. Imodzi, pali mwa mankhwala - chimasanduka paraffinic, ndi 90% ya mpweya wa hydrogen, umene uli wangwiro kwambiri kuposa akamagwira njira zina.

mankhwala wina m'munsili othandizira kusintha, ndi coke. Iwo waikamo padziko chothandizira ndi, kwambiri kuchepetsa ntchito zake. Ake kuyesa kuchepetsa chiwerengero.

Othandizira kusintha Technology

Monga feedstock kwa othandizira kusintha zochita naphtha - mafuta ndi chiwerengero otsika octeni. Dongosolo lonse ikuchitika mathanki 3-4 yomwe ndi bedi yoikika chothandizira. Mathanki ndi inakula mapaipi ndi zovuta dongosolo Mipikisano chipinda ndi mkangano Transitional mankhwala.

Catalysts othandizira kusintha ndi chonyamulira - aluminiyamu (A1203) interspersed ndi timibulu pulatinamu. Mu mathanki pa kutentha 480-520 ° C ndi mavuto kuchokera 1.2 kuti 4 MPa feedstock ali n'kukhala aromatics mkulu-octeni ndi isoparaffin. Nthawi zambiri, kusintha mtendere wa sayansi ndondomeko atsatire zodula zitsulo (rhenium, germanium, iridium), ndi halogens - chlorine ndi fluorine.

Mitundu othandizira kukonzanso

Today anatulukira njira zambiri yopangira apamwamba octeni mafuta ndi aromatics ndi zochita othandizira kusintha. Aliyense kampani akunja amasunga chinsinsi kupanga yake njira. Komabe, iwo zochokera njira zitatu:

1. Kukonzanso mafuta inachitika nthaŵi imodzi ku mathanki atatu kapena anayi mosalekeza. Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti ndondomeko ya chothandizira ndi woyamba kwathunthu akufotokozera umatha, kenako riyakitala ndi anaimitsidwa bola accelerator sadzakhala abwezeretse katundu wawo.
2. Wopitiriza anachita mayunitsi 2-3 - reagent nthawi kubwezeretsedwa mu lililonse dongosolo monga linanena bungwe ake. Pamene ndondomeko iyi sanaletse, ndi kusinthika riyakitala m'malo ndi "akuyandama" okhulupirika.

Sewerolo apamwamba chingapezeke mu otaya anachita mosalekeza ntchito limatha kudzichiritsa zomera ndi mathanki. chothandizira, monga kuwonongeka kwa katundu, aikidwa mu chipinda regenerative, ndipo malo ake ndi "kumene anachira reactant" makope amapezeka aljumoplatinovyh mankhwala.

vuto lalikulu

The vuto lalikulu kuti silipita wokonzanso - ndi mapangidwe wambirimbiri luso othandizira zipangizo coke kuchepetsa aljumoplatinovyh. Njira yothetsera vuto ili lili mu moto kunja coke padziko zinthu zotakasika kudzera mwa kusakaniza mpweya-inert pa kutentha madigiri 300-500 Celsius. ndondomeko imeneyi asayansi wotchedwa kusinthika. Kwathunthu kubwezeretsa zinthu othandizira sizingatheke. Monga opareshoni iye mosasintha akalamba, ndiyeno anatumiza kwa mbewu wapadera, kumene yotengedwa pulatinamu ndi miyala ina mtengo.

Othandizira kukonzanso makina amene

Njira imeneyi processing wa mafuta okumba pansi imagwiridwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera. Dzina ochepa mwaiwo:

• Selectoforming. Apa, ndondomeko wokonzanso Chili othandizira dehydrogenation ndi hydrocracking kusankha.
• Platforming. Iwo chamadzi a riyakitala 3, ndi nthawi ya catalysts ndi kwa miyezi 6 mpaka 12.
• Ultraforming. Chimodzi mwa makhazikitsidwe choyamba ndi "akuyandama" riyakitala aliyense wokhala ayambe ndondomeko ya reagent lapansi.
• Isoplus. Mankhwala amaphatikizidwa kusintha njira ndi matenthedwe akulimbana.

The mafuta Ambiri kukonzanso analandira ku North America - ndi chaka njira matani 180 miliyoni a mafuta achilengedwe. Mu malo chachiwiri maiko European - iwo chifukwa cha tonnes pafupifupi mamiliyoni 93. Russia atseka pamwamba atatu ndi linanena bungwe pachaka pafupifupi 50 miliyoni matani mafuta.