Mfundo limatsogolera sulfure. Makhazikitsidwe kwa limatsogolera sulfure

Sulfa - mmodzi wa zinthu ambiri matanthwe a pansi padziko. Nthawi zambiri kumachitika mu zikuchokera mchere munali zitsulo kupatula ake. njira chidwi kwambiri zikuchitika pamene kuwira kutentha ndi mfundo limatsogolera sulfure. Izi njira ndi zovuta kugwirizana ndi tinalalikira pa nkhani imeneyi. Koma choyamba, ife tifufuze mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa mchitidwe wa.

nkhani

Mu mawonekedwe nzika, komanso mchere sulfure wakhala kuyambira masiku amakedzana. Malemba akale Greek anafotokoza zotsatira zake poizoni mankhwala pa thupi la munthu. Sulfa woipa anamasulidwa pa kuyaka wa mankhwala a chinthu ichi kumakhala kumapha anthu. Mozungulira m'ma 8 anayamba ntchito sulfa m'magawo China kupanga zosakaniza pyrotechnic. N'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa mu dziko lino, akukhulupirira kuti anatulukira onga.

Ngakhale Ancient Egypt anthu wakhala kudziwika njira Kukuwotcha sulufule munali miyala zochokera mkuwa. Choncho yotengedwa zitsulo. Sulfa anachoka mu mawonekedwe a mpweya woipa CHONCHO _2.

Ngakhale nthawi kuyambira wakale, pozindikira kuti ndi sulfure, ndi chifukwa cha ntchito ya French wasayansi Antuana Lavuaze. Zinali iye amene anakhazikitsa kuti ndi membala, ndi malonda a kuyaka ake - oxides.

Pano pali mwachidule mbiri ya chibwenzi amuna ndi izi amafotokozera mankhwala. Kenako, ife kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira kunachitika matumbo a dziko lapansi komanso kutsogolera mapangidwe sulfure mu mawonekedwe umene tsopano.

Monga zikuoneka sulfure?

Pali ambiri amalakwa poganiza kuti nthawi zambiri amafotokozera izi zimapezeka mu mbadwa (ie, woyera) mtundu. Komabe, zimenezi si zoona. Sulfure nthawi zambiri napeza monga mupezeke miyala ina.

Pa nthawi, pali maganizo ambiri za chiyambi cha zinthu mu maonekedwe ake angwiro. Iwo amati mosiyana mapangidwe sulfure ores ndi nthawi imene intersperses. Choyamba, syngenesis chiphunzitso kumatanthauza mapangidwe sulfure pamodzi ndi ores. Malinga ndi iye, ena mabakiteriya amene amakhala mu nyanja thicker, kuchepetsa sulfates pano mu madzi, kuti sulfide wa hydrogen. Otsiriza, nayenso, anauka pamene mabakiteriya ena oxidized kuti sulfure. Iye anagwa pansi, wothira matope, ndipo kenako pamodzi iwo anapanga miyala.

Mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso epigenetic - kuti sulfa m'magawo miyala anapanga mkati mwake kwambiri. Pali nthambi angapo. Ife angakuuzeni yekha za zosinthika ambiri mfundo imeneyi. Amakhala pano zimene: madzi mobisa likuyenderera mu kudzikundikira ores sulphate ndi amatilimbikitsa iwo. Ndiye, kudutsa m'munda wa mafuta ndi gasi, ayoni sulphate ndi kuchepetsedwa kuti sulfide wa hydrogen chimasanduka chifukwa. sulfide wa hydrogen, kukwera pamwamba ndi oxidized ndi mpweya mumlengalenga kuti sulfure, amene waikamo mwa miyala, kupanga mibulu. Chiphunzitsochi zaposachedwapa apeza umboni zambiri, koma ndi funso lotseguka za kapangidwe ka masinthidwe amenewa.

Ndi ntchito za chiyambi cha sulfure m'chilengedwe chitani zosintha ake.

Allotropy ndi polymorphism

Sulfa, ngati zinthu zina zambiri tebulo nthawi, alipo mu chikhalidwe mu njira zosiyanasiyana. Mu umagwirira, iwo amatchedwa zosintha allotropic. Pali rhombic sulfure. Limatsogolera mfundo izo penapake poyerekeza wa kusinthidwa chachiwiri: monoclinic (112 ndi 119 madigiri Celsius). Koma iwo amasiyana kapangidwe ka maselo unit. Rhombic sulfure kwambiri wandiweyani ndi kugonjetsedwa. Zimakhala ndi Kutentha kwa madigiri 95 kusamukira ku mawonekedwe chachiwiri - monoclinic. Tinakambirana mchitidwe athu ali analogues mu tebulo nthawi. Polymorphism sulfure, selenium ndi tellurium, asayansi tafotokoza kutali. Iwo ali paubwenzi kwambiri pakati pawo, ndipo zosintha onse kuti apange, ofanana kwambiri.

Ndiyeno tiona njira akusinthira limatsogolera sulfure. Koma musanayambe, ayenera kuviika pang'ono mu dongosolo galasi latisi chiphunzitso ndi zochitika zikuchitika pa gawo kusintha pa nkhaniyi.

galasi ndi chiyani?

Monga amadziwika, mu boma mankhwala gaseous ndi mu mawonekedwe a mamolekyulu (kapena maatomu) ndi mosintha akusuntha mu mlengalenga. Thunthu madzi particles ake yagawidwa pamodzi, koma ndi ambiri kwambiri ufulu kuyenda. M'chigawo olimba akaphatikiza ndi zosiyana pang'ono. Apa, mlingo wa kuti kumawonjezera kwa mtengo wake pazipita, ndipo maatomu kupanga latisi krustalo. Ndi, ndithudi, oscillations chichitike, koma ali ndi matalikidwe ochepa ndipo sitinganene kuti ufulu kuyenda.

Aliyense kusitalo akhoza kugawidwa mu maselo pulayimale - ngati siriyo kugwirizana kwa maatomu omwe abwerezedwa mu buku la chitsanzo pawiri. Apa m'pofunika kuti anthu amvetse kuti khungu - si mibulu latisi, kenako ma atomu imakonzedwa mu zina kanjedza buku osati mfundo zake. Pakuti aliyense wa Krustalo, iwo ndi wapadera, koma iwo akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu zikuluzikulu (machitidwe galasi) malingana Masamu ndi: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, rhombohedral, tetragonal, hexagonal, kiyubiki.

Tiyeni tione mwachidule mtundu uliwonse wa grids, chifukwa amagawana angapo subspecies. Ndipo ife tiyambira ndi zomwe zingasiyane pakati pawo. Choyamba, ndi chiŵerengero cha kutalika kwa mbali, ndipo kachiwiri, mbali pakati pawo.

Choncho, dongosolo triclinic Krustalo, otsika wa onse, ndi grating pulayimale (parallelogram) mmene kumbali zonse ndipo kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino si ofanana. nthumwi ina otchedwa gulu syngonies m'munsi - monoclinic. Pali ngodya ziwiri selo madigiri 90, ndipo kumbali zonse ndi zotalika osiyana. Mtundu wotsatira wa okhudzana ndi gulu m'munsi - dongosolo orthorhombic. Iwo ali zitatu mbali wosiyana ndi mnzake, koma ngodya zonse za kanjedza ndi madigiri 90.

Tiyeni tisunthire kwa gulu pakati. Ndipo woyamba chiwalo chake - cha dongosolo tetragonal. Apa kufanizira sikovuta ndikuganiza kuti kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino za chithunzi, iye ndi wofanana ndi madigiri 90, komanso awiri a m'mbali atatu ofanana. Nthumwi lotsatira - rhombohedral (trigonal) dongosolo krustalo. Ndi zosangalatsa zonse pang'ono. mtundu uwu ndi chimafotokozera mbali zitatu zofanana ndi makona atatu, omwe ndi ofanana pakati pawo, koma molunjika.

Njira yamasika pakati gulu - dongosolo hexagonal. Mu tanthauzo kwambiri kwambiri. chimake Izi zachokera mbali zitatu awiri amene ali ofanana ndi kupanga makona a madigiri 120, ndipo yachitatu mu ndege perpendicular kwa iwo. Ngati inu kutenga atatu-selo hexagonal dongosolo ndi angagwirizanitse iwo wina ndi mzake, ife yamphamvu ndi hexagonal m'munsi (ichi ndi chifukwa chake iye ali ndi dzina zimenezi, chifukwa "hexa" mu Latin amatanthauza "zisanu ndi chimodzi").

Koma chimake cha machitidwe onse galasi ndi chosokonekera mbali zonse - kiyubiki. Iye yekha a gulu apamwamba. Pano mukhoza basi muganize momwe izo zikhoza yodziwika. Onse ngodya ndi mbali ofanana ndi mnzake ndi kupanga kyubu.

Choncho tinamaliza kusanthula ndi chiphunzitso cha magulu waukulu kachitidwe Krustalo, ndipo tsopano ndikuwuzani inu zambiri za kapangidwe ka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sulfure, ndi katundu amene anatsatira pamenepa.

Kapangidwe ka sulfure ndi

Monga tanenera kale, sulfure ali zosintha ziwiri: monoclinic ndi orthorhombic. Pambuyo kugawa ndi maganizo ndithu zinadziwika mmene iwo Akutsutsana. Koma cholinga ndi kuti, malingana ndi kutentha kwa kapangidwe kophimba zingasiyane. Onse ali mu ndondomeko ya kusinthika zikuchitika pamene sulufule limatsogolera kutentha kukufika. Ndiye kophimba galasi ndi inawonongedwa, ndipo maatomu ndi zambiri kapena zochepa ufulu kusamukira ku malo.

Koma kumbuyo kwa kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe a zinthu monga sulfure. Katundu wa zinthu mankhwala kwakukulukulu amadalira dongosolo lawo. Mwachitsanzo, sulfure mu makhalidwe mphamvu ya dongosolo la galasi ali chuma cha asamire. particles ake si uyu wasambitsa ndi madzi, ndi kum'mamatira mutsanulira kokani iwo pamwamba. Choncho mtanda sulfure amayandama pamene kumizidwa m'madzi. Kumafuna ena njira ya kulekanitsa mchitidwe kuchokera chisakanizo cha ilk wake. Ndiyeno tiona njira zofunika kupanga pawiri izi.

m'zigawo

Sulfa angagone ndi mchere zosiyanasiyana, choncho pa kuya osiyana. Malinga izi, kusankha njira zosiyanasiyana ulimi. Ngati kuya ang'ono ndi palibe mobisa mpweya accumulations amene amachepetsa kupanga chuma ncho ndi njira yotseguka: zigawo oyera a miyala ndi kupeza miyala munali sulfure, kutumiza kwa yobwezeretsanso. Koma ngati izi si anakumana pali ngozi, ndiye ntchito njira downhole. Monga m'pofunika kuti limatsogolera mfundo sulfure anali akwaniritsa. Kuchita izi, ntchito yoika wapadera. Zida kwa kusungunuka chipika sulfure mwanjira imeneyi n'kofunika kwambiri. Koma ndondomeko izi -Slightly ina.

Ambiri, m'zigawo sulfure mwa njira iliyonse pali chiopsezo poizoni, chifukwa nthawi zambiri sulfide ake bodza hydrogen ndi woipa sulfure, ndi owopsa kwambiri kwa anthu.

Kumvetsetsa zimene ubwino ndi kuipa ali ichi kapena kuti njira, tione njira processing sulufule munali miyala.

m'zigawo

Apanso, pali njira zingapo zimene zochokera chosiyana katundu wa sulfure. Ena mwa iwo ndi ikukhudzana m'zigawo, Mpweya wotentha, ndi centrifugal kusefera.

Ambiri a iwo ayesedwe - matenthedwe. Iwo zochokera chakuti limatsogolera kutentha ndi kuwira sulfure poyerekeza wa ores mu umene "wedged" wa. Vuto lakulimbana ndi mphamvu zambiri chimadyedwa. Kukhalabe kutentha kale anatentha sulfure. Ngakhale kuphweka kwa njira ndi operewera, ndi imfa kungakhale ndi mbiri peresenti 45.

Tili pa nthambi ya chitukuko mbiri, kotero chitani njira malasha madzi. Mosiyana matenthedwe njira izi amagwiritsa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, iwo zochokera pamalo omwewo - mosiyana kuwira mfundo ndi kusungunuka ndi sulufule manambalawo analemba kuti zitsulo mnzake. Kusiyana komwe kulipo ndi mmene heats. Dongosolo lonse akupita mu autoclaves - makhazikitsidwe wapadera. Pali amadyetsedwa sulfuric Polemeretsedwa miyala munali 80% ya zinthu umatulutsa. Ndiye, mu autoclave opanikizika jekeseni nthunzi otentha. Kutentha 130 madigiri Celsius, sulufule isungunuke ndi kuchotsedwa dongosolo. Kumene, kukhala ndi otchedwa michira - particles sulfure akuyandama madzi anapanga chifukwa condensation wa nthunzi. Iwo achotsedwa ndi kukonzanso analola pochita monga pali analinso ndi zambiri ife katunduyo ankafuna.

Imodzi mwa njira zambiri zamakono - centrifuge. Mwa njira, iye anayamba ku Russia. Mwachidule, akamanena za icho chiri Sungunulani ndi osakaniza a sulfa ndi mchere, zomwe zimathera izo plunges mu centrifuge ndi anawomba nsalu pa liwilo. More lolemera thanthwe chifukwa mphamvu centrifugal amamuchititsa pakati, ndi sulfure yokha amakhalabe apamwamba. Kenako, zigawo izi Kungoti anapatukana.

Pali njira ina, amene ngakhale ntchito pa ulimi. Amakhala mu kulekana kwa mchere sulfure kudzera Zosefera wapadera.

M'nkhaniyi, tiona yekha matenthedwe njira m'zigawo Mosakayika chinthu chofunika kwa ife.

The ndondomeko limatsogolera

Phunziro la kutentha kutengerapo mu limatsogolera sulfure - funso lofunika kwambiri chifukwa ndi imodzi mwa njira zambiri ndalama ya m'zigawo za chinthu ichi. Tikhoza kuphatikiza magawo a dongosolo pa Kutentha, ndipo tiyenera kuwerengera osakaniza awo mulingo woyenera. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake kuphunzira ikuchitika kutentha ndi kuzizira ndi kusanthula makhalidwe a ndondomeko sulfure kusungunuka. Pali mitundu ingapo ya zoikamo kwa ndondomekoyi. Kukatentha kwa limatsogolera sulfure - mmodzi wa iwo. Kukonzekera amafotokozera anakhumba ntchito mankhwala - njira mthandizi. Komabe, lero pali wapadera wagawo - unit kwa limatsogolera chipika sulfure. Iwo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu kupanga kupeza sulfure wa chiyero mkulu wambirimbiri.

Cholinga pamwamba mu 1890 kupangidwa unsembe, amene amalola kusungunuka sulfure pa mozama ndi kutulutsa pamwamba kudzera chitoliro a. akuphatikizapo yosavuta imayenera ntchito: ndi machubu awiri ali mu mzake. Ndi chubu akunja amazungulira koopsa digiri 120 (mfundo sulfure limatsogolera) awiriawiri. Mapeto a chubu mkati afika ku miyala ya katunduyo adafuna ife. Mkangano madzi, sulfure akuyamba kusungunula ndi kupita kunja. Ndi yosavuta zokwanira. Mu Baibulo amakono unsembe lili chubu wina: ndi mkati mwa chitoliro ndi sulfure, ndi pa zimakhalira, wothinikizidwa mpweya, amene amachititsa Sungunulani kuti adzauka mofulumira.

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo wina wa iwo anafika sulfure limatsogolera kutentha. Ndi adatchithisira mu nthaka maelekitirodi awiri ndi kuwalola iwo kulankhula. Popeza sulfure - ndi dielectric lililonse, zilibe kuchititsa magetsi ndipo akuyamba kutenthetsa. Choncho chimasungunula ndipo kudzera chitoliro, monga mu ndondomeko loyamba amawapopa kunja. Ngati mukufuna kutumiza sulfur chidulo cha safuriki, ndiye akayaka pansi, ndipo linanena bungwe mpweya chifukwa kunja. dookislyayut yake okusayidi sulfure (VI), ndiyeno kusungunuka m'madzi kupeza chomaliza mankhwala.

Takambiranazi limatsogolera sulfure, sulfure limatsogolera zomera ndi njira ya ulimi wake. Tsopano ndi nthawi kudziwa chifukwa chake tiyenera njira zimenezi ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa. Ndipotu, kusanthula ndi sulfure limatsogolera ndondomeko ndi ulamuliro kutentha dongosolo ayenera bwino kutsukidwa ndi mogwira ntchito m'zigawo chomaliza mankhwala. Pambuyo sulfure - mbali zofunika kwambiri kuti kugwira ntchito yaikulu osiyanasiyana pa moyo wathu.

ntchito

Phindu kulankhula, kumene applicable mankhwala a sulfa. Kosavuta kuuza kumene ntchito. Sulfa ndi mu jombo ndi mphira mankhwala aliwonse, mu mafuta omwe zimalowa nyumba (kuti m'pofunika kudziwa kuchucha likhoza amenewa). Izi ndi zitsanzo zambiri tsiku ndi tsiku ndi yosavuta. Ndipotu, ntchito ambirimbiri sulfure. Lembani zonse ndi chabe zosatheka. Koma ngati ife kuchita izi, likukhalira kuti sulfure - mbali yofunika kwambiri kwa anthu.

Pomaliza

Kuchokera m'nkhani ino, inu mwaphunzira limatsogolera kutentha sulfure kuposa chinthu kwambiri kwa ife. Ngati mukufuna ndondomeko imeneyi ndi kuphunzira kwake, inu mwina anaphunzira zinthu zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, zingakhale makamaka sulfure kusungunuka. Mulimonsemo, palibe malire ungwiro, ndipo ifeyo sizingatiletse njira kudziwa zikuchitika mu makampani. Muli ndi ufulu kupitiriza kukula kwa intricacies zamakono njira yopanga, m'zigawo ndi processing a sulfa ndi zinthu zina zopezeka mu matanthwe a pansi padziko.