Mazira a mafuta a bitamu (GOST)

Bitumeni ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga, zomwe zimadziwika bwino kwambiri ndi hydrophobic ndi zomatira. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pakuphwanya misewu. Komanso nthawi zambiri izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zothandizira kuti madzi asamangidwe. M'nkhaniyi, muzinthu zonse, tidzatha kudziwa kuti bitumen ndi chiyani, zomwe zimakhala ndi zofunikira zake.

Tanthauzo

Bitamu imatchedwa chinthu choda kwambiri cha utomoni wa utoto wakuda. Amaperekedwa nthawi zambiri mu zidutswa, zomwe zimasungunuka pamadera otentha asanagwiritsidwe ntchito . Maonekedwe a phula ndi ovuta kwambiri. Ndimagulu a hydrocarbon msingi ndi zotengera zake, komanso zitsulo, oxygen ndi nayitrogeni. Palinso mankhwala a heteroorganic m'nkhaniyi. Kawirikawiri, mawonekedwe a phula ndi olemera kotero kuti kudziwika kwa zigawo zake zonse sikungatheke.

Zimatulutsidwa bwanji

Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera phula ndi mafuta. Pali njira zitatu zokha zokhazikitsira zinthu izi:

1. Kusungunuka kwa zotsalira za mafuta ndi distillation. Chotsiriza chimakhala chofewa ndi fusible. Mwa njira iyi, ziphuphu zimachokera ku high-sulfur (sulphurous) mafuta.
2. Kutayidwa kwa phula (mafuta otsala) powomba ndi mpweya pa kutentha kwa +180 ... + madigiri 300. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, amatha kutulutsa zinthu zotsika.
3. Kusakaniza zinthu zotsalira ndi zowonjezera mafuta odzola ndi distillates.

Phala lachilengedwe

Kawirikawiri nkhaniyi imapangidwanso ndi matekinoloje atatu omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa. Komabe, palinso phula lachirengedwe, maonekedwe ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zomwe zili zofanana ndi zomwe zimakhala zachizoloŵezi. Ili m'chilengedwe m'minda ya mafuta ndipo imapanga majekeseni apadera. Mu mawonekedwe ake oyera, phula lachirengedwe silinapezeke. Kawirikawiri zimaphatikizapo zosanjikiza. Kawirikawiri izi ndi miyala monga sandstone kapena limestone. Pachifukwa ichi, phula lachilengedwe loyera limapezeka ndi miyala yoyamba. Nthaŵi zina thanthwe la asphalt limangosungunuka mosamala ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamsewu.

Mitundu ya phula pamagwiritsidwe ntchito

Pogwiritsira ntchito, nkhaniyi inagawidwa m'magulu anayi akulu:

• Kumanga phula. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makoma osungira madzi, maziko, matabwa omwe amathiridwa pansi, ndi zina zotero.
• Zojambula. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza denga la nyumba zogona, mafakitale ndi anthu kuchokera ku chinyezi.
• Mafuta a bitimu a Asphalt. Njira yodziwika kwambiri yogwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera asphalt.
• Kutsegula. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito potetezera chinyezi komanso kutupa kwa mapaipi amkuwa.

Bulu lamkati

Mukamanga misewu, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya phula lamsewu:

• Osauka. Zopezedwa ndi mafuta.
• Zamadzi. Zosiyanasiyanazi zimapangidwa ndi phula la viscous. Monga mankhwala odzola, mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mafuta a petroleum otchedwa Viscous amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga misewu yowonongeka. Zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyengo yozizira. Lamulo la viscous limatenthedwa mpaka kumalo osungunuka asanagone. Zida zamadzi zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mozizira komanso kutentha. Patatha kanthawi atagona, chifukwa cha zowonongeka, phula limeneli limatulutsa ndipo limatulutsa zowonjezera, zowonongeka.

Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zimene muyenera kuziganizira pamene mukugula

Pali magawo atatu okha omwe mungathe kudziwa mtundu wa phula:

• Mndandanda wa malo ochepetsera;
• Ductility (digiri ya viscosities ya ulusi wa ulusi);
• Kulowetsamo (mamasukidwe akayendedwe).

Chithunzi chomalizira chimatsimikiziridwa mwa kumizidwa mu phula la singano kapena cone pa kutentha kwake.

Kulemba

Kuti mudziwe kuti phula lamtundu wanji la ntchito ndi lophweka kwambiri. Kwa ichi muyenera kuyang'ana zolemba.

• Bulu la bitumen limadziwika ndi makalata a BN.
• Njira - BN kapena BND.
• Zojambula - BNK.

Pambuyo pa makalata omwe akulembapo pali ziwerengero ziwiri kupyolera mu bullic oblique. Nambala yoyamba imasonyeza mfundo yochepetsera, yachiwiri imasonyeza kuti mamasukidwe akayendedwe. Yotsirizirayi imatsimikiziridwa mwa kumizidwa mu phula la singano pa kutentha kwa 25 ° C.

Maphunziro a phula la viscous road

Monga tanena kale, zinthu zoterezi zimaperekedwa mu zidutswa kapena mbiya. Pamene asphalting imagwiritsidwa ntchito BN (mafuta) ndi BND (msewu wa mafuta a bitumen). Malingana ndi GOST, mitundu khumi yokha ya zinthu izi zimapangidwa (MFD kuchokera 200/300 mpaka 40/60, BN kuchokera 200/300 mpaka 60/90).

Bulu lamsewu wamadzi

Nkhaniyi imadziwika mosiyana. Pali mitundu iwiri yokha ya mitundu yake:

1. SG - yowonjezera ndi sing'anga lawiro.
2. MG - thickening pang'onopang'ono. Zosiyanasiyanazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga misewu mu II-V.

Pambuyo pa makalata omwe ali nawo, ziwerengero ziwiri zimadutsanso, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti pali ductility (kutentha kwa 60 ° C ndi dzenje la 5 mm pa viscometer).

Mukamagula zambiri, muyenera kufufuza chiphaso (pasipoti) kwa madzi a bitumen mumsewu. Mark SG, monga MG, MND ndi BN, ayenera kutsatira GOST +. Tiyeni tiyankhule za zomwe buku ili liri pansipa.

Chitetezo pamene mukugwira ntchito ndi phula

Samalani ndi nkhaniyi. Phalasitiki ikhoza kuyaka. Kuopsa kwa moto wa mtundu winawake kumatsimikiziridwa ndi chizindikiro monga flash point. Mu nyumba yokongola, msewu, kudenga ndi kutulutsa phula, ndilopamwamba, chifukwa madzi amodzi ndi otsika. Choncho, mukamagwira ntchito limodzi ndi ophunzirawa muyenera kukhala olondola.

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, pochita ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito, yosungirako, kayendedwe, ndi zina zotengera phula malinga ndi malamulo a chitetezo cha mafakitale, nkofunika kuvala zovala zapadera. Izi zimalepheretsa antchito kugwera pakhungu la madontho ofunda, ovuta kutsuka.

Pasipoti yapamwamba ya phula

Lamulo logulitsidwa ndi mabungwe amalonda liyenera kutsata GOST 2245-90. Komabe, makampani ambiri masiku ano amapanga katundu wa mtundu umenewu ndi makhalidwe abwino. Choncho, ku bitumen ya mtundu winawake umaphatikizapo zizindikiro zapadera zomwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi mitu ya ma laboratories, omwe amatchedwanso pasipoti. Zimaphatikizapo magawo monga kupowera, ductility, kutenthetsa kutentha kwa mankhwala, ndi zina zotero.

Chipepala choterechi chimaperekedwa osati kokha kwa viscous, komanso kwa phula, mafuta a mumsewu wa mafuta MG. Pasipoti yamtengo wapatali ndi chitsimikizo chogwirizana ndi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi wopanga malonda. Chisindikizo cha kampani ndi chovomerezeka pa chikalata.

Inde, payenera kukhala pasipoti ya SG ya mafuta a bitumen, komanso kupopera ndi kutsegula. Kwa makina atsopano a nkhaniyi ndizotheka kunyamula, mwachitsanzo, BND-U ndi Euro BV. Malingana ndi iwo, miyezo yapamwamba imatsimikiziridwa osati ndi GOST, koma ndi malamulo apamwamba ndi malamulo apamwamba. Pokonza Euro BV, ziyeneretso za muyeso wa European EN 12591 zimaganiziranso.

Zowonda kwambiri

Pamangidwe, phula limagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri monga msewu wa mafuta 90/10. Ojambula amawagulitsa ndi kugulitsa malonda ambiri. Ndili, maziko osungira madzi, pansi pamtundu wa zomangamanga zamatabwa, mapangidwe apakati, mapulusa ndi makoma. Kuchokera ku mtundu wina wotchuka, BN 70/30, umasiyanitsidwa ndi malo otsika kwambiri. Izi zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa ntchito yake, chifukwa filimuyo imapereka mphamvu yothetsera kutentha kwakukulu.

Mafuta amtundu wa mafuta MG130 / 200 amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga misewu yamoto. Zigwiritseni ntchito nthawi zambiri m'madera amenewo komwe kutentha kwa mpweya m'nyengo yozizira sikugwera pansi pa 20 ^o C. Zinthu izi zimapanga njira yodalirika komanso yophweka.

Kuwonjezera apo ife timapereka chidwi kwa owerenga tebulo ndi zizindikiro zazikulu (molingana ndi GOST) za mitundu iwiri ya phula.

Msewu wa mafuta a bitamu, zomangamanga ndi denga ndi zinthu zomwe zimafunidwa pamsika. Amatulutsidwa lero ndi makampani ambiri. Choncho, kusankha mankhwala abwino sikungakhale kovuta. Chinthu chachikulu ndikumvetsera kulembera ndi kugula chinthu choyenera kwambiri pa nkhaniyi.