Mayiko Red Book: nyama. Amene atsogolera Red Book?

. Chiyambi cha m'ma XX, English wasayansi J. Darrell atamukoka ndi kufanizira: dziko - lonse ukonde, ndipo ngati ndi kukhudza kwakung'ono, ndi, chabwino, adzanjenjemera, ndi pa zikachitika - kusiyana ndi maonekedwe. Ndipo anthu patsogolo luso agwedeza dziko, kupanga dzenje iwo, chimene sangayerekeze kuti adatsekedwa. Izi kwenikweni zimakhudza nyama ndi zomera za padziko lapansi: zokha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama, zomera, bowa, kuli ambiri a iwo dera dziko tsopano amadziwa yekha wa zofukulidwa paleontological. Ndipo kodi ana athu? Iwo uyenera kuphunzira zosiyanasiyana wakale wa dziko nyama zithunzi nazonse ndi nkhani yakale?

Anthu posapita nthawi anayenera azindikira kuti chilengedwe ayenera kutetezedwa ndi kulondera. The chifukwa cha pofuna kuteteza nyama ndi zomera anali la International Red Book. Mbiri ya chilengedwe iye ndi chidwi kwambiri.

Kodi Red Book

Kale kutali 1902. Paris Congress la akatswiri padziko lonse, yofunika kwambiri - chitetezo cha mbalame. Pambuyo kwambiri malipoti kwa nthawi yoyamba zochita zili pa chitetezo cha mitundu ya zachilengedwe ndi anasaina msonkhano wa mayiko a Protection wa Mbalame amene anali kholo la masiku Red Book.

Panatenga zaka zoposa makumi anayi. Dziko lonse lapansi atachira Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. 1948, pansi pa mothandizidwa ndi UNESCO, analenga omwe si aboma bungwe - Conservation World Union - IUCN (IUCN). Kale mu 1949, a IUCN amakhazikitsa "thupi supervisory" - Commission pa mitundu kupulumuka.

Zolinga zikuluzikulu

The Conservation Union World kupeza ntchito yaikulu chopulumuka mitundu ya bungwe la:

• kuphunzira udindo wa mitundu osowa zomera, bowa ndi nyama;
• kudziwa mitundu ndi chiopsezo kutha;
• kukhala ntchito mapangano lonse, misonkhano;
• kulemba mndandanda wa mitundu pangozi;
• kupereka njira kwa kuteteza mitundu pangozi.

Ife kumatanthauza zolinga, koma chimene chiri pafupi? Ndipo, monga kawirikawiri choncho, awo kukhazikitsa anachedwa ... Izo zakhala zaka pafupifupi 20. 1963, mutu wa ntchito Piter Skott amapereka mndandanda wa nyama pangozi, dzina limene - la International Red Book. mamembala ntchito anafunsa kuti: "N'chifukwa chiyani wofiira?" chimene Scott anayankha kuti: "Red - mtundu wa ngozi, ndipo izo zikutanthauza kuti ife tikhoza ngakhale kutaya pang'ono kuti tili."

Posachedwapa, linanena bungwe kuwala kwa yoyamba, mu mabuku awiri, ngati kalendala desiki. Amaphatikiza mitundu 312 ya mbalame ndi mitundu 211 ya nyama. Buku anatumiza kwa olandira ena - asayansi ndi zithunzi pagulu. NdiAmene wa Tome zo malinga nyama ndi nkhani kusintha, choncho monga kasinthidwe deta amatikhululukira kutumiza mapepala watsopano m'malo mwa wakale.

Kusintha ndi kuwonjezera: a Kuwerengera

Mpaka m'chaka cha 1980, Red Book tinalisindikizanso katatu: kusintha mtundu wa, kuchuluka chiwerengero cha mabuku, nkhani zosiyanasiyana za mitundu ya (4 TH kope anju anachira 13 mitundu), anasintha dongosolo la.

Kuyambira 1988 mpaka 1998. amapita Mayiko Red Book - mndandanda wa nyama otchedwa "Red List of Species pangozi." Mu 5 m'mabuku ofalitsidwa kwa zaka 10. Iwo ndi chikhalidwe wa Red Book, koma ndi mtundu chosiyana, osiyanasiyana gulu. Choncho, mndandanda tichipeza mayunitsi awiri, anawagawa taxa zina. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mmodzi wa taxa ndi mitundu amene anapulumuka mu ukapolo.

Pamene mndandanda, ndi la International Red Book ndi IUCN ndi Conservation World Kuunikira Center (Cambridge, UK). Mu mothandizidwa amuna IUCN zikwi za Commission pa mitundu osowa nawo kusanthula mudziwe, kutenga nkhani deta ndi kusindikiza mabuku. Ndi kuyamika ntchito yawo, kodi tingathe kudziwa mtundu wa nyama amafunika kuteteza, ndi ena a iwo, mwatsoka, ife sitinaonepo padziko lathuli.

maonekedwe

Kodi mayiko Red Book? Ndi wokongola chidwi Tome, amene penapake amatikumbutsa utawaleza: chikuto cha mtundu yowala chofiira, ndi mbali za mitundu yosiyanasiyana (wofiira, wakuda, woyera, zobiriwira, wachikasu, imvi). Pakuti ambiri funso n'lakuti ngati kumene Buku Red awasungira. Mwamwayi, ndi nkhani ya onse, choncho angapezeke mu laibulale yabwino iliyonse. Ena okonda zachilengedwe amakonda nazo nkhokwe buku zanga a.

Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane zambiri za chigawo chilichonse. Information za ziweto za mayiko Red Book ndi conventionally mbali zisanu:

• mitundu zinatha;
• pangozi ndi osowa nyama;
• mitunduyi kudya Akusowera;
• mitundu zikusowa;
• wamng'ono kudziwika mitundu;
• Nyama zomwe safuna chitetezo.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi n'kosavuta kupeza zokhudza nyama makamaka.

mitundu kabisidwe

Oimira chigawo wa Red Book ndi kabisidwe zawo.

Pamasamba wakuda wa Patsamba anaika nyama zinatha (EKS) ndi nyama zinatha mu chikhalidwe (pangano); wofiira tsamba - mitundu osatetezeka (VU) ndi zatsala pang'ono kutha (Kr); Masamba Yellow - pangozi mitundu (VN); woyera masamba - mitunduyi pafupi boma osatetezeka (NT); imvi tsamba - mocheperapo anaphunzira (CD); Green Pages - mitundu ndi chiopsezo wotsikitsitsa kutha (LC).

Zomwe ena zikuphatikizapo la International Red Book? Photos nyama. Mwachibadwa, pa masamba a buku pafupi ndi deta kwachilengedwenso zilipo chithunzi mitundu (kupatulapo nyama zinatha, maonekedwe chimene kulengedwanso kapena likutipatsa, kapena ntchito zithunzi kompyuta).

Apa ndi mayiko Red Book. Nyama zomwe anapereka mmenemo muli osiyanasiyana. Mogwirizana ndi patsogolo mudziwe sayansi nthawi zonse kusinthidwa, kuwonjezera mitundu yatsopano ndi nyama zina kusintha mthupi mwawo chifukwa zochita za chilengedwe. Ndipo sangakhoze kulephera kusangalatsa!

Mabaibulo Regional wa Red Book

Ponena za mayiko Red Book, ndi Dziwani kuti ali analogues: Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la International Red Book of Ukraine ndi mayiko Red Book of Russia. Nyama zomwe zili ndi mfundo mabuku amenewa, moyo (kapena anakhala) m'magawo mwachindunji.

Mwamwayi, magazini dera la Red Book lili mudziwe zambiri za yonse ya, monga kuyenera lonse. Chimenechi ndi chifukwa chakuti zigawo mu malo oyamba kuganizira zinyama khalidwe la dera lino, chiwerengero ndi mtundu umene umasiyana kwambiri pa dziko lonse. Choncho, deta ndi kusanthula bwinobwino ndi atsopano kawirikawiri.

mabuku Regional komanso ndi osiyana ndi Baibulo lonse la kamangidwe, ikhala zikutsatiridwa okha wofiira chivundikirocho.

Tiyeni tikambirane pa toyesa kwambiri a zomera, amene ali pafupi kutha ndipo m'gulu pangozi.

Mayiko Red Book Amur nyalugwe (panthera Tigirisi altaica)

Amur Amabereka (Ussuri) mu Red Book akusonyeza momwe kuyang'ana yaing'ono (VU) kumpoto Russia. Ngakhale 100 zapitazo, chiwerengero cha nyama anayesedwa mu zikwi, koma chifukwa cha kusaka anthu anayamba kutha mofulumira. Lero Amur nyalugwe anthu amabadwa 500 payekha.

mtundu wa - mmodzi wa oimira zochepa za banja mphaka amene ndinazolowera nyengo wankhanza wa m'dera limeneli. Chinthu chapadera cha boma ichi - zisanu centimeter wosanjikiza mafuta pamimba, amene amalola inu kunyamula mphaka kwambiri kutentha otsika.

Mayiko Red Book: nyama - chisanu nyalugwe (panthera uncia)

Chipale nyalugwe (irbis, matalala nyalugwe) - mphaka lalikulu yemwe amakhala m'mapiri a ku Central Asia. Mpaka chiyambi cha m'ma XX, matalala akambuku ndi mgwirizano zofunika malonda ubweya. Pakali pano, nyama chisanu nyalugwe ndikoletsedwa, mfundo za nyama lili la International Red Book. Chipale anyalugwe anawagawira mitundu pangozi (EN).

Visayas warty nkhumba (Efeso cebifrons)

Visayas warty nkhumba amakhala ku dziko, koma pa zilumba awiri - Panay ndi Negro (The zilumba Philippines). Chifukwa manambala chosaneneka kusaka anthu nkhumba zaka 60 anachepetsedwa ndi mochuluka momwe 80%! Kuyambira 1998 Visayas warty nkhumba asunga Mayiko Red Book. Nyama amaonedwa zatsala pang'ono kutha (EN).

Kambuku quoll (Dasyurus maculatus)

Quoll (nyalugwe mphaka) nalo dzina lake chifukwa cha n'zofanana kwa marten ndi mphaka. Lero, mtundu uwu martens akukhala anthu awiri wakutali wa kugombe la Australia (kumpoto - Queensland, kum'mawa - kum'mwera kwa Queensland ku Tasmania). Information za martens marsupial lili la International Red Book. Nyama za mtundu uwu ndi udindo pafupi ndi zinthu osatetezeka (NT).

Largetooth sawfish (Pristis microdon)

Largetooth sawfish (limbikitsa-pristiophorus) - wokhala madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific ndi nyanja ya Indian. Amayembekezeka kukhala ndi moyo ukapolo si zaka zoposa 7. The Red Book pylori ali udindo wa "zatsala pang'ono kutha» (Kr).

Burma nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri)

Burma snub-nosed nyani (snub-nosed nyani Stryker) monga mitundu zinadziwika kwa akatswiri yekha mu 2010. Amakhala mtundu wa anyani okha basi kumpoto Burma. Dzinali chifukwa cha ulamuliro wa anatulukira ake ndi kapangidwe zachilendo mphuno - mphuno wa snub-nosed nyani panapezeka. Chifukwa cha zinthu izi anatomical wa Burma sneezes nyani mu mvula - madontho kugwa madzi mu mphuno zake. Kale mu 2012, nyani Burma anali m'gulu udindo pangozi - zatsala pang'ono kutha (Kr). Today pali pafupifupi 300 anthu Myanmar snub-nosed nyani.

wachibale wathu wapafupi - Anyani (Pongo)

Anyani - kwambiri nyani mtengo, kapangidwe ka DNA ake pafupi ndi DNA anthu. Kuonetsetsa Sumatran ndi Kalimantan orangutans (kusiyana kukula - zikuluzikulu Kalimantan). Chifukwa kuchepetsa anthu - yodula ya nkhalango (Malo amene orangutans) ndi poaching.

Sumatran Anyani m'gulu udindo pangozi - zatsala pang'ono kutha (Kr); Anyani Bornean anapatsidwa udindo wa "mitundu osatetezeka» (VU). chiyembekezo ndi yakuti mtundu adzapitiriza kudzera osungira nyama ndi nkhokwe chikhalidwe.

Caspian chidindo (Phoca caspica)

Chisindikizo Caspian (Caspian Chisindikizo) amasamukira pakati pa mbali ya kumpoto ya Caspian ndi Urals. Ngakhale 100 zapitazo, chiwerengero cha zisindikizo anali anthu oposa miliyoni, lero alipo sadzachitanso ukufika 100 zikwi. Zoyambitsa: misa poaching, kuipitsa madzi, kusintha kwa nyengo. chisindikizo Caspian ndi kutchulidwa Red Book monga nyama zimene zili pafupi kutha (EN).

pomaliza

munthuyo ankaoneka kuti cholengedwa wololera, komabe izo mindlessly wawononga minda, nkhalango, "adzatembenuza Mitsinje", kuti iterate kudzera kusaka, poaching. Kufufuza za khalidwe zosafunikira - kutha kwa mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera.

Red buku, akubwera mu kuwala, anafotokoza poyera mmene mavuto kale anabweretsa anthu chilengedwe. Kumene, ena yonse ya, mwatsoka, adzakhalabe m'mabuku a mbiri yakale, koma pali anthu kuti angapulumutsidwe kalekale m'mibadwo yanu.

Ndiyamika m'mapaki onse Zoological ndi nkhokwe, amene kupanga amathandiza kwambiri kuteteza mitundu! Koma kwambiri kuti munthu aliyense padziko lapansi kwathandiza kuteteza chilengedwe, ndi Red Book ndi zonse kudzadza masamba obiriwira.

Earthlings! Kumbukirani kuti ife kofunika ayenera kusamalira dziko, amene akadali kuvutika ife koma kuyamikira ndi kusunga chikhalidwe lozungulira ife, ndipo osati pang'ono kuiwala kuti cholengedwa chirichonse mu dziko m'pofunika ndi zofunika! Nyama - anzathu padziko lonse, osati zovala ndi chakudya!