Mawotchi kayendedwe ka anthu - ndi kwa mfundo ndi mmene yodziwika?

Mawotchi gulu la anthu - mfundo zambiri imadziwika monga kusamuka. Ndi ndondomeko imene pali kusintha kwa malo okhala a anthu kapena magulu makhalidwe ofotokozedwa kudziko lawo kudziko lina, dera kapena chigawo.

Mawotchi kayendedwe ka anthu m'mayiko ena

Mlingo wa kusamuka ndi malangizo ake zimasiyana kwambiri m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Pakuti Mwachitsanzo, makina gulu la anthu a North America amakhala ndi kukula kusamuka. M'mawu ena, chiwerengero cha kufika pano pa nthawi yaitali kapena kukhazikikamo kuposa chiwerengero kusiya. M'mayiko ena, mwachitsanzo, mu Azerbaijan, pali osiyanitsidwa ubwenzi. Mawotchi kayendedwe ka anthu mu Russia amakhala ndi kuchepa zachilengedwe 75% kulipidwa ndi kusamuka. Russia pa buku lake lili pa nambala yachitatu dziko, kuwonjezera pa United States ndi Germany. About ¾ anthu m'njira - kulankhula anthu limati CIS.

Ataliatali m'njira yotakata ndi yopapatiza

M'lingaliro yotakata, izo amaonedwa monga gulu lililonse la anthu. Mu yopapatiza, iye amatanthauza mphambano za malire a malo ena amene pali kusintha malo okhala kapena kwa nthawi yaitali mpaka muyaya.

Kunja ndi kusamuka mkati

Ataliatali akhoza wachinsinsi pa malo angapo. Mwachitsanzo, malingana ngati khalidwe ndi mphambano ya malire a anthu, mitundu yake ndi zotsatirazi.

• Internal kusamuka - ndicho gulu la anthu mkati boma pakati pa mbali zachuma-chirengedwe kapena utsogoleri, m'madera (amayenda kumidzi, mumzinda ndi mzinda, mudzi ndi mudzi, mumzinda ndi mzinda).
• kusamuka kunja amatanthauza mphambano ya malire a dziko. Pamafunikanso m'dziko ndi emigration.

Emigration ndi m'dziko

Tikambirana kusiyana awiri mfundo izi ofanana ovuta. Mawu "emigration" lachokera ku Latin mawu otanthauza "atabwerera", "atichotsa". Choncho kayendedwe makina a anthu otchedwa akuwoloka (kukakamizidwa kapena zaufulu, bungwe kapena yokoka) mu State zina kwa anthu osakhalitsa kwa nthawi yaitali, kapena monga wosatha. Nthawi zambiri, amagwirizana ndi kusintha unzika.

Mawu "m'dziko" ndi chiyambi Latin ndipo limatanthauza 'Limatipatsa ". Izi kayendedwe makina alionse - izi ndi ankalowa mu dziko pa nthawi (nthawi) kapena kukhazikikamo, makamaka ndi kusintha kwa nzika.

Kusamuka ku ntundu imatengedwa mbali ya ndondomeko china chotchedwa "kubalana a anthu." Udindo uwu zambiri amatanthauziridwa monga kayendedwe makina a anthu.

zizindikiro kachulukidwe wa m'gululi makina a anthu

Mwa kuphunzira kusamuka, komanso zinthu zina zochitika zokhudza chiwerengero ndikofunika kudziwa zimene makhalidwe awo kachulukidwe. Mawotchi kayendedwe ka anthu - chodabwitsa ponena kuti anthu akukhala mu gawo lililonse (mzinda, dera, dziko, etc.) lagawidwa ndi kubera anthu kuchokera kunja ndipo anasiya malire ake.

The bwino kusamuka (kusamuka muukonde kapena kusamuka ukonde) amaimira kusiyana chiwerengero cha akufika ndi kulitsatira kwa nthawi iliyonse ya nthawi. Pali chizindikiro china chofunika. Izi ndi buku la kusamuka. Iwo limanenedwa ngati Uwerenge akufika ndi kulitsatira. Volume kusamuka amatchedwanso aakulu kusamuka kapena aakulu kusamuka.

Tingasonyezere chiwerengero cha akufika ndi maulendo ambirimbiri mtheradi amatithandiza kuona m'maganizo mwanu zimene lonse makina kayendedwe ka anthu. Zimenezi Koma silinena mphamvu ya ndondomeko chidwi. Ndipotu, pali kugwirizana pakati pa chonse cha anthu ndipo chiwerengero cha maulendo ndi akufika, amene akhoza n'komwe. Choncho, kayendedwe makina alionse amakhala ndi chiwerengero cha ntchito wachibale. Ife kukuuzani ofunika kwambiri.

zizindikiro wachibale

Ataliatali mwamphamvu ndi ayesedwa pamene zizindikiro wachibale amene amatchedwa koefishienti mwamphamvu. Tikungotchula ofunikira kwambiri.

• mlingo kufika (amatchedwa R) - chiŵerengero chiwerengero cha akufika kwa anthu a m'gawo anapatsidwa.
• Koyefishienti wa nazo (AP) - chiŵerengero cha anthu anapuma m'gawo.
• Wachibale bwino kusamuka (Kc) - chiŵerengero cha kusiyana kwa akufika ndi maulendo a anthu mu anthu.
• Total sayenda chiŵerengero (Kr) - chiŵerengero cha chiyambi ndi kopita, ndiye magulu onse kusamukira ndi chiwerengero cha anthu a m'gawo anapatsidwa.

Awa ndi magawo zoyambirira za kayendedwe makina a anthu.

Zigawo za kusamuka

Nthawi zambiri pa kuwunika kusamuka m'pofunika kuphwanyaphwanya m'zigawo zosiyana. Mwachidule, longosolani zofunika kwambiri a iwo. Kawirikawiri allocated utuluke kusamuka. Gulu la osamukawo amene ali m'madera wamba kufika kapena nazo. Mungathe kuitana ndi mbali ina chigawo, omwe kaŵirikaŵiri anatsindika ndi ofufuza. Ndi za magulu kusamuka kuimira gulu la anthu amene kugawana nthawi kusamuka wamba.

Zikuchokera anthu amene ali m'gulu la kayendedwe makina alionse - izo ndi zoona kuti ndi zofunika kwambiri. anthu awa yodziwika ndi kukhala apamwamba, zaka ndi jenda, fuko ndi ena. Ndipotu, kusamuka kuyenda mwa magulu sakanikira anthu. The zikuchokera osamukawo kumabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu mu kapangidwe ka anthu m'madera kufika ndi malo amene anachokera.

chiwerengero kulankhulana ndi kusamuka

Mawotchi kayendedwe ka anthu chikukhudzana ndi zochitika zenizeni m'moyo wa munthu. Mwachitsanzo, ndi mapeto kapena chiyambi cha ntchito, mapeto a bungwe maphunziro, ntchito ya usilikali, etc. Kutsiliza ndi. The kuchotsa ukwati, kubadwa kwa ana, ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi kuzungulira zaziwerengero - ndi mbali yofunika ya moyo aliyense. Choncho, magawo zokhudzana ndi chiwerengero (banja, zaka ndi Chiwerengero etc.), Ndi chikoka kwambiri pa njira kugwirizana ndi kusamuka. Iwo ali mmodzi wa i zofunika kwambiri ndi zomwe anatsindika gulu anthu mu kuphunzira za kayendedwe ake makina.

Monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, magulu osiyana yodziwika ndi kuyenda osiyana. Kusamuka, amene anaphunzira ku mawu zizindikiro zake mwamphamvu mwa magawo munthu wa anthu, wotchedwa masiyanidwe. phunziro ake n'kofunika kumvetsetsa kusi- kuti awonetse mawotchi kayendedwe ka anthu a m'madera osiyana, zaka, mtundu, umoyo-akatswiri ndi magulu ena. Mu kuphunzira mtundu wa kusamuka, choyamba kulabadira kusiyana kumene kulipo mu magulu m'badwo. Ndipotu, zinthu zimenezi zimasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi kayendedwe makina a anthu.

Ataliatali malumikizanidwe ndi jenda

Indicators kusamuka sayenda amasiyana malinga jenda. Pakati osamukira m'mayiko ambiri limasonyeza ntchito za anthu. Komabe, lamulo limeneli si konsekonse. M'mayiko ena, nthawi zina panali chiwerengero apamwamba akazi ali kumatsika ataliatali. Mwachitsanzo, ku Ulaya kale anali kulamulidwa ndi kugonana chilungamo pakati pa wopuma pantchito. Pa mfundo imeneyi, E. Reyvenstayn, English wofufuza za m'ma 19, analenga malamulo wazotsatira cha kusamuka. Mu mmodzi wa iwo anali kunena kuti akazi ambiri zambiri amasamukira kuposa amuna.

Chiwerengero cha ana ndi banja

chiwerengero cha ana m'banja ndi pa banja komanso zimadalira sayenda wa anthu. Komabe, maubwenzi zimenezi si munthu amaganiza, monga mmene zinalili ndi yofunika kwa ife chifukwa mphamvu ya ndondomeko ndi zaka. Si ana okha zingakhudze kusamuka kuyenda. Poyankha, chiwerengero chawo akhoza anatsimikiza ndi mlingo wa sayenda. Mwachitsanzo, ngati makolo ake anasamukira pafupipafupi, mwina kaye nkhani ya kubadwa kwa ana. Choncho, chiwerengero amachepetsa.

Mphamvu ya kubereka

Ataliatali sayenda alionse ali ndi mbali yaikulu pa mlingo wa otaya njira la kubalana. Ndipo izi zikugwirizana ndi kubalana wa anthu onse chatsekedwa ndi lotseguka. Zikatero, kusamuka kusintha kapangidwe kake ndi kukula mwachindunji. Kuwasintha mu kugonana ndi zaka zofunika kwambiri. Ngati anthu amachuluka mwa osamukawo, komanso ngati pakati pawo pali mkulu kuchuluka oimira magulu aang'ono a msinkhu wogwira ntchito (zaka 16-30), pali feminization anthu a m'gawo limeneli. Komanso, tidzapeza ukalamba mbali ya pantchito ndi nambala mkulu wa anyamata m'malo Pamudzi.

Mawotchi ndi Vital

Pomaliza, Ndikufuna kuona kusiyana pakati pa mfundo ziwiri zofunika. Mawotchi ndi kayendedwe wachibadwa wa anthu - uyu si chinthu chomwecho. Natural kayendedwe - kubalana izi. Za unansi wake ndi kusamuka, ife analankhula mwachidule m'nkhani ino. Iwo amakhala ndi mlingo wa kukula achilengedwe, imfa, chonde, moyo zaka zambiri. Indicators cha masoka kukula, pamatenda ndi kubereka nthawi anasonyeza quantitatively m'madera pa miliyoni pa zikwi anthu.