Maria Montessori: MBIRI ndi zithunzi. mfundo zosangalatsa

Montessori - mmodzi wa mayina amphamvu kwambiri ndi odziwika pedagogy yachilendo. Amene amalemekezedwa ndi kuvomerezedwa nyumba yolemekezeka ya Europe? Amene wathandiza zikwi ana kuphunzira ndizosowa kuphunzira? Amene mabuku adakali mogwirizana ku maalumali? Izi Maria Montessori. The yonena za sayansi iyi lopambana ndi maganizo ntchito zake zalembedwa m'munsimu.

banja Montessori

Kuwakokera ku womveka lolemera Maria banja Montessori Stoppani. Atate, kusiyanitsa pakati pa mtumiki aboma, anali kupereka dongosolo la Korona wa Italy. Mayi anakulira liberalists banja, mu chikhalidwe cha kusasiyana pakati. Makhalidwe abwino a makolo ake anatengera mwana wawo, Maria Montessori. Wambiri (banja anachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wake) Mary amagwirizana ndi yonena za makolo ake. Iye anabadwa mu 1870 ku Milan Chiaravalle Abbey. Bambo ndi mayi ankafuna kupereka mwana maphunziro.

amalume

Iye ndi mwana kulankhulana ndi achibale awo, asayansi kuwerenga ntchito zawo. Makamaka Maria kulemekezedwa ntchito amalume ake, wolemba nkhani ndi zaumulungu, Antonio Stoppani zosowa. Iye anali munthu wodziwika wolemekezeka Italy (mu Milan anamanga chipilala). chitukuko m'munda wa nthaka, paleontology, ndi chitukuko ambiri. Pali umboni kuti maganizo ena pedagogical Mary anabwereka kwa iye. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha positivism sayansi pedagogy.

mapangidwe

Khama la makolo ndi achibale a maphunziro ndi maphunziro Marii Dali kuchokera pamene iye anapita ku sukulu. Maria Montessori, amene yonena ndi chidwi ndi nkhani, kale mu magawo oyambirira a sukulu anasonyeza kuti makalasi ake ndi osavuta. Masamu - mutu wake ndiwotani. Amadziwika kuti mavuto masamu izo anathana, ngakhale mu bwalo lamasewera. Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa udindo akazi sekondale Maria anaona zaka 12, atafunanso kupita ku sukulu. The bungwe la motere anatenga anyamata okha. Komabe, chikhalidwe cha omwe anali Maria Montessori (yonena mobwerezabwereza akutsindika kwambiri pamfundo imeneyi), chikoka cha makolo ake ndipo, ndithudi, yapadera luso aluntha anathyola dongosolo chikhalidwe anavomera. Iwo anavomerezedwa. Apa, mu sukulu luso, Mary nthawi zonse kutsimikizira ufulu wawo maphunziro anyamata. Mfundo imeneyi yakhala nthawi ya zoopsa kwambiri zoyesayesa zake kumenyera ufulu wa akazi ndi anthu amene anthu alibe kulengeseka.

Kusankha ntchito

Amakopeka ndi sayansi zachilengedwe ku sekondale ndipo amafuna kukhala zothandiza zimakhudza anthu pa kusankha ntchito, amene anapanga Maria Montessori. Wambiri zikusonyeza kuti kusankha zimenezi sizinali zophweka. Iye anasankha kukhala katswiri, pamene makolo zinkangokhala kuphunzitsa. Mu 1890 zinatenga pa mkhalidwe wa Masamu ndi Natural Sciences ya University of Rome. Komabe, anachita chidwi ndi mankhwala. Maria anayamba kupezeka zamankhwala ndipo anasankha kukhala dokotala. Zinali zovuta zatsopano anthu. The luso zachipatala sanatenge atsikana. Koma khama lake ndi chidziwitso, ulamuliro wa m'banja asiya Mary kuchita mu 1892 ku University of Rome, ndi kutsiriza mu mkhalidwe of Medicine, kukhala mkazi woyamba m'mbiri ya Italy, analandira ntchito yake ya udokotala.

Chiyambi cha yophunzitsa

Wambiri mwa Maria Montessori limatiuza kuti kuyambira zaka zomalizira za maphunziro Mary anali kuthandiza mu chipatala, ndi kuyambira 1896, pambuyo kuteteza nkhani yolembedwa wake pa maganizo, anayamba kuchita kuchipatala. Apo iye koyamba ana olumala, ndipo kenako mabuku zachipatala pa anatengera gulu wapadera wa ana anthu. Ntchito Eduarda Segena zamaganizo ndi katswiri wa ntchito ndi anthu ogontha Jean Marc Itard kwambiri ndi Montessori ndi zochitika zawo. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti ana amenewa adzabweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa anthu woyenera ntchito pedagogical kuposa mankhwala.

Maria anayamba kuphunzira ntchito pa chiphunzitso cha maphunziro, maphunziro, chiphunzitso maphunziro. Kuyambira 1896 iye wakhala akuweta ana olumala, amene akukonzekera kulemba mayeso pa sukulu ya sekondale junior. Pambuyo zotsatira kwambiri kuti anasonyeza ophunzira ake, Mariya anadziwika kugulu. Boma watsegula Ortofrenichesky Institute, yemwe walunjika ndi Maria Montessori. Wambiri, mwachidule tafotokozazi, tidzapeza kuti Mariya ali wapadera luso, tilinazo ndi kuzindikira kufunika kwa ntchito zawo.

Development wa njira

Kuyambira 1901 Montessori anaphunzira ku mphamvu ya Philosophy mu kufanana mchitidwe kuchita m'masukulu, kumene iye anatsogolera kafukufuku komanso kupanga kuzipenya. Maria anaona zinthu zimene ana amaphunzitsidwa mu sukulu ya sekondale: sizikugwirizana maphunziro omvera, waukali chilango, kusowa kudzipereka kwa chitukuko mabuku a ophunzira. Unagunda bwanji polera ana olumala: kupanda wathunthu wa ndondomeko ya maphunziro komanso maphunziro anachepetsedwa chiwawa. Mary anazindikira kuti nthawi kukhala anthu woganizira kwambiri ndi ozindikira. Ndipo sukulu yake yoyamba mu 1907 - "Nyumba Ana" - Maria Montessori anatsegula. Wambiri ndi ntchito za zaka za moyo lolunjika pa chitukuko ndi kusintha njira osauka maphunziro.

Woyamba maphunziro gawo la mlingo wa mayiko, amene anali nawo aphunzitsi dazeni angapo, Montessori unachitikira mu 1909. Kuti nthawi ili kwa buku lake loyamba za njira ntchito ndi ana "Home Ana". Mary zonse bwino njira ndi zonse akugwirizira maphunziro kwa aphunzitsi ochokera konsekonse mdziko. Mogwira mtima mfundo za njira Montessori anazindikira m'masukulu ano ndi osauka malo.

Maria Montessori: MBIRI, ana

banja Mariya yekha ndipo zinalengedwa. Mtima wake unaperekedwa kwa dokotala, amene anali akugwira ntchito pa chipatala cha anthu amisala, chinkhoswe limodzi ndi ana apadera. Iwo mu chaka cha 1898 mnyamata anabadwa, amene anapereka achinyamata kukula mu banja yosavuta kumva. Zimenezi zinachitika chifukwa chakuti Montessori konse kutsutsa anthu a m'dziko limene zikuchepa anadzudzula kubadwa kwa ana kunja kwa banja. Pa chigamulo cha banja Mary wasokoneza mnzake - wolemekezeka banja mu Italy Montessano Aragon ndipo analumbira mtima wosatha ubwenzi kuti apasa mbodzi Maria zina ndi Giuseppe.

Mario Montessori

Mario, mwana wa Maria Montessori, amene yonena palibe zochepa chidwi, musati chakukhosi pa mayi wake ndipo pa zaka 15 kukakhala naye. Iye anali ndi malingaliro modabwitsa tengani ntchito ya mayi ake, kumuthandiza, anatenga mbali ya gulu la unathandiza. M'nthawi kuti Mariya anali kuimiriridwa ndi Mario mu chitaganya wachibale, ndi kokha pa mapeto a moyo wake ananena kuti mwana wake. Pamodzi, achita kwambiri kwa dziko la maphunziro: bungwe misonkhano ndi maphunziro, amalankhula pa misonkhano, ndi madokotala anatsegula sukulu. Mario anakwanitsa kukhala woyenera m'malo. Pa nthawi yovuta, iye anali kumeneko. Pamene kunyumba iwo ayamba kunyalanyaza mphamvu ndi kupulumuka, iwo anakakamizika kupita ku ulendo ku India ndi mayi ake ndi mwana, Mario ndi Maria Montessori. Wambiri (imfa anatenga Mariya 82 chaka moyo) limatiuza kuti Mario Montessori anapitiriza ntchito nditachoka mayi wake kuchoka moyo. Mario yekha anachoka Maria Montessori anayamba nkhani mwana wake wamkazi Renilde. Iye anapitiriza kufalikira kwa njira Montessori lonse. Kuti iye anali wokhoza kuti atchule pedagogy izi mu Russia mu 1998.

Montessori njira

Athandizeni kupanga kwambiri - ndi Mwambi chachikulu cha njira zonse Montessori. Ndi lingaliro osati kukakamiza kuti achite, kuti azimuuza awo a kunja, musakhudze mwana ngati iye akupumula kapena kuonera. Wamkulu kapena mphunzitsi ndi akungokuonani ntchito ya mwanayo. Iwo kutumiza, kudikirira anafunsa ndi kanthu mwanayo. Mphunzitsi mosamala molingana ndi mamangidwe a chilengedwe amene Mwanayo adzakhala: onse ayenera kutukula luso la zopangapanga kachipangizo. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa ana, Montessori njira ndi aulemu komanso mwaulemu. Kukonda ana ndi kuphunzitsa Maria anafotokoza mu mabuku ake ena mawu amene akhala aphorisms. Kwenikweni awo ndi awa: kuphunzira chilengedwe mwanayo, anthu momuzungulira, khalidwe lawo, ubale wawo kwa wina ndi mzake ndi mwana. Chiwonetsero cha makhalidwe abwino kwambiri pochita zinthu ndi mwana - ndi tirigu kufesa amene kusonkhanitsa zipatso wapatali m'tsogolo.

Nthawi zina za maphunziro Montessori anthu amawanena. Kusowa zinthu, kukana ntchito chiwembucho timasewero kusewera, chiletso zolimbitsa thupi, ndi zambiri. Komabe, Maria Montessori, amene yonena anali kugwirizana ndi ana, walenga njira zimenezi, zinthu zamtengo wapatali amene ntchito mu malo ambiri osauka ndi kindergartens.