Mafupa a mbalame: mbali structural

M'nkhani ino tikambirana kodi makhalidwe a dongosolo la mbalame, kodi mafupa awo. Mbalame ndi chidwi chifukwa gulu chabe la inakhala (ena kuposa mileme), angathe osati kwa fungatirani mu mlengalenga, ndi kwa ndegeyi. Kapangidwe awo ndi loyenereradi kwa cholinga ichi. Pamene ambuye wa mlengalenga, amasangalala pantsi pa madzi, ndi ena a iwo, monga abakha, - mapangidwe onse atatu. Izi n'chofunikira osati mbalame mafupa, komanso nthenga. Chochitika chachikulu, kuonetsetsa chitukuko cha zolengedwa anali chitukuko cha nthenga zawo. Choncho, ife musangoganizira mafupa a mbalame, koma mwachidule ndikuuzeni inu za iye.

Ngati ubweya mu nyama, nthenga kusanduka woyamba monga kutentha zokutira zitsulo chivundikiro. Only pambuyo pake lidzasinthidwa chonyamulira ndege. Mbalame atavala nthenga, zikuoneka, mamilioni a zaka anakhala luso kuwuluka.

kusintha chisinthiko mu kapangidwe ka mbalame

The anatengera ndege zinachititsa kuti kukonzanso a machitidwe onse limba ndi khalidwe. Anasintha ndi mafupa a mbalame. Photos umene pamwamba - chifanizo cha dongosolo mkati mwa nkhunda. kusintha kandalama akuwonetseredwa makamaka kuwonjezeka minofu mphamvu pamene kuchepetsa thupi. Mafupa a mafupa akhale dzenje kapena ma kapena lidzasinthidwa woonda yokhota kumapeto mbale, pokhalabe mphamvu zokwanira ntchito zake anafuna. Mu malo mano katundu mophweka mulomo, nthenga zofanana chivundikiro - chitsanzo cha lightness, ngakhale kuti amatha kulemera kuposa mafupa a. Kuwataya pakati pa ziwalo mkati nawo kupuma matumba mpweya.

NKHANI njiwa mafupa

Ife akamufunsirire kuganizira mwatsatanetsatane mafupa a njiwa a. Amakhala ndi mafupa m'chiuno, mafupa ya phiko, mchira vertebrae, thunthu, msana khomo lachiberekero ndi cranium. Chigaza olekanitsidwa khosi, korona pamphumi, mulomo ndi zokhazikapo lalikulu kwambiri diso. Mlomo lagawidwa pawiri - chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi. Iwo amasunthira popanda mzake. Khomo lachiberekero chikuphatikizapo m'munsi mwa khosi, pakhosi ndi khosi. njiwa mafupa mu dorsal gawo tichipeza wa sacral, lumbar ndi thoracic vertebrae. Chifuwa - a sternum, ndipo awiriawiri 7 nthiti lokhazikika kwa vertebrae thoracic. Caudal vertebrae ndi flattened ndi Ufumuyo mbale lopangidwa ndi minofu connective. Zimenezi, mawu ambiri, mbalame mafupa. Chiwembu kuti waperekedwa pamwamba.

akatembenuka mafupa

Akatembenuka mafupa kugwirizana ndi kusuntha mbalame pa miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndi ntchito kutsogolo kwa ndege, momveka kwambiri zili phewa ndi m'chiuno lamba. Phewa lamba ndi sankalimbana nafe chikugwirizana ndi sternum, ndi chifukwa thupi pa ndege monga chagona pa mapiko. Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha amphamvu mafupa atachuluka coracoid zimene zikusowa ku nyama.

mbalame mafupa ali kwambiri kumatheka m'chiuno lamba. The miyendo yakumbuyo wa nyama kusunga bwino pansi (pa nthambi pamene kukwera kapena pamene n'kuyamba kusambira m'madzi) ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, kuzimitsidwa bwinobwino amenya mphindi ya ndegeyo. Popeza fupa anakhala woonda, mphamvu zawo kumatheka chifukwa maphatikizidwe ndi mzake pamene wosinthika dongosolo mbalame mafupa. Monga nyama, atatu wophatikizidwa mafupa m'chiuno zinaphatikizidwa kuti msana ndi mzake. Ophatikizidwa thunthu vertebrae, kuchokera thoracic omalizira, kutsiriza ndi mchira choyamba. iwo onse anakhala mbali ya zovuta za sacrum, amene analimbikitsidwa lamba m'chiuno, kulola mapeto mbalame ntchito zake popanda kusokoneza ntchito machitidwe ena.

miyendo mbalame

ndipo ayenera kuonedwa nthambi ananena kapangidwe ka mbalame mafupa. Iwo anali kusinthidwa poyerekeza ndi mbali lililonse khalidwe la inakhala. Choncho, tarsal ndi metatarsal mafupa lengthened ndi ophatikizidwa pamodzi kupanga zina gawo m'makona. Ntchafu zambiri zobisika pansi nthenga. Mu miyendo yakumbuyo anaonekera limagwirira kuti amalola mbalame anapitiriza nthambi. Chala flexor bodza pamwamba bondo. tendons awo yaitali kuwonjezera pamodzi mbali yakutsogolo kwa bondo, ndiye kumbuyo mbali bobbin ndi pamwamba m'munsi mwa zala. Ndi kupinda zala, pamene mbalame mauta nthambi tendon limagwirira Amatseka iwo, kotero kuti kulanda si kufooketsa, ngakhale akagona. Ndi kunsana nthambi mbalame akuphatikizapo ofanana kwambiri kwa phazi, koma ambiri a mafupa a mwendo ndi phazi lake zinaphatikizidwa.

burashi

Amakhala mbali mbalame mafupa, dziwani kuti kusintha makamaka mwadzidzidzi mogwirizana ndi anatengera adapitikitsa zinachitika mu dongosolo la burashi. Mafupa otsala forelimbs ndi mwakula pamodzi kupanga kuthandiza nthenga ndege yaikulu. Anasunga chala choyamba ndi achikalekale thandizo kwa khumudwitsidwa yomwe imateteza yang'anira enieni, omwe amachepetsa braking phiko imathamanga otsika ndege. ndege Secondary nthenga Ufumuyo ulna lapansi. Pamodzi ndi chidwi chipangizo palokha nthenga zonse kulenga mapiko - thupi, yodziwika ndi dzuwa mkulu ndi dziphunzitsiranso plasticity. Pansipa ndi mafupa a zinatha m'nthawi ya 17 ya Dodo mbalame.

mapiko

Nyamulani ndi kulamulira mu ndege kupereka ndege ndi mchira nthenga, koma katundu wawo kuuluka bwino potsatira njira kuti si bwino. Mu ndege wabwinobwino, kukupiza mapiko akusunthira pansi ndi patsogolo ndi ndiye - zikuchepa m'mwamba m'mbuyo. Pa amadza kunsi mapiko ali ndi ngodya phompho la mlandu, kuti ilo chimatha liwiro ngati nthenga chachikulu si unathandizira pa nthawi imeneyi kuti wodziimira chonyamulira ndege, kuteteza chopinga. Aliyense cholembera ndi zimayenda mmwamba ndi pansi pamodzi kutsinde, kuti kutsogolo malangizo chifukwa samatha, mothandizidwa ndi popanda wa zofuna zawo. Komanso, pa njira zina za kuukira kwa vane amaperekedwa kuchokera kutsogolo mapiko a. Izi ndipamene odulidwa amene amachepetsa kugwedezekagwedezeka ya nthandala ndege ndipo potero othetsa chopinga. Tikufika mbalame chisanadze extinguishes liwiro, kuika thupi ndege ofukula ndi Anabweza braking mchira mapiko.

Features ya kapangidwe ka mapiko zosiyanasiyana za mbalame

Mbalame, timatha kuuluka pang'onopang'ono, ndi mipata makamaka loonetsa pakati primaries a. Mwachitsanzo, Golden Chiombankhanga (Aquilachysaetos, zinkaimira pamwamba) intervals pakati nthenga amapanga 40% ya malo okwana phiko. Pa miimba ndi mchira lonse amalenga Nyamulani owonjezera pamene zikuuluka. Other kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mapiko a mphungu, ndi miimba kupanga mapiko yaitali ndi yopapatiza ya seabirds.

Mwachitsanzo, albatrosses (a chithunzi mmodzi wa iwo anapereka pamwamba) pafupifupi osati kukupiza mapiko awo, zikuuluka mu mphepo, ndiyeno swooping, kuuluka chinachake ozizira. njira zawo za ndege ndi apadera kuti nyengo bata iwo ali kwenikweni glued pansi. Mbalame ija yotchedwa hummingbird mapiko ndi nthenga pulayimale ndipo amatha kuchita sitiroko oposa 50 pa mphindi, pamene mbalame n'kumamuyang'anitsitsa; pamene iwo kusuntha mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo mu ndege yopingasa.

nthenga

Nthenga angathe kuchita zosiyanasiyana ntchito. Choncho, molimba ndege ndi mchira nthenga kupanga mapiko ndi mchira. A opaque ndi mizere kupereka mbalame thupi faired ndi kufwanyulira ndi matenthedwe insulator. Akutsamira pa wina ndi mzake matailosi ngati denga, nthenga kulenga mosalekeza yosalala chivundikirocho. Chabwino kapangidwe ka cholembera Pamlingo wamkulu kuposa zina anatomical, zipangitsa kutukuka kwa mbalame. Aliyense vane tichipeza mazana barbs, zomwe zili mu ndege imodzi mbali zonse intaneti, ndi kwa iwo mbali zonse kuwonjezera barbules atanyamula nthambi mbali zakutali ku thupi la mbalame. ngowe izi gwiritsitsani kusalaza barbules mzere wakale barbs, amene amalola kusunga mawonekedwe vane sichinasinthe. Pa wina nthenga Makhov mbalame zikuluzikulu ali ku 1.5 miliyoni. Barbules.

Bill ndi kufunika kwake

Mlomo wa mbalame ndi zikugwira thupi. Pa chitsanzo cha woodcock (Scolopaxrusticola, mmodzi wa iwo zikusonyezedwa chithunzi pamwambapa), inu mukhoza kuwona momwe zovuta kungakhale kanthu ka mlomo wa mbalame plunges mu nthaka, kufuna mphutsi ndi. Chokhumudwitsa pa nyama, kuchepetsa mbalame minofu lolingana ukusunthira patsogolo mafupa lalikulu kuti ndinu gawo la Chipilala mandibular. Anthu Nayenso apitirize fupa zygomatic, amene amachititsa kuti idzakungana kunsonga ya mandible chapamwamba, ndi dzenje chowulungika imene subclavian minofu tendon amamangiriridwa ku mbali chapamwamba za pamapewa. Choncho, pamene kuchepetsa subclavian minofu phiko likutuluka, pamene kuchepetsa makanda - mulibe.

Choncho, tinanyamuka mbali yaikulu ya mbalame dongosolo mafupa. Tikukhulupirira inu anapeza zatsopano zokhudza timeneti chodabwitsa.