Kulankhula zinthu ndi zigawo zake

Ndi kuti, tayandikira tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo kangapo. Mu izo, ife tikhoza kutenga monga mbali ndi kusunga usilikali. Amagona awononge ife kunyumba, panja pa ntchito, m'masitolo, mu mayendedwe a ... Kodi inu akali asanaganize zimene kapena yani? No? Kenako ine ndikuwapereka: Chake kulankhula zinthu Ufumu! Ndipo tidzayamba womdziwa wathu, ndithudi, ndi zitsanzo zomveka bwino.

Kulankhula zinthu: Zitsanzo

Kumbukirani Soviet m'nyimbo sewero lanthabwala Eldar Ryazanov a "Office Romance"? Limodzi la zithunzi kutsegula hapless, diffident statistician mkulu Novosel bwenzi pa phwando pa bwenzi kuyesera "anagunda pa" bwana wake "yankhanza" ndi "omangidwa" Kalugin-mymra, koma zoyesayesa zake zonse ndithu. Chifukwa chiyani? Zoyambitsa zake n'zambiri, koma mmodzi wa iwo banal losavuta: ophunzira kukambirana anali chabe masomphenya osiyana funso "zomwe zili kulankhula." Tsopano, zinthu oyamba.

Ophunzira mkhalidwe kulankhula mchitidwe

Choncho, vuto lililonse kulankhulana mawu makamaka anafuna ophunzira. Iwo zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Ifeyo Anatoliy Kalugin ndi Novosel Efremovich - izi ndi ophunzira waukulu wotchedwa wolankhulayo komanso womvetsera, kapena addressee ndi sender. Ngakhale kulankhulana maudindo awo nthawi zonse kusintha. Ndi zina chifukwa kukambirana, salembedwa - kukangana, ndipo n'zosatheka - chifukwa oratory. Minor ophunzira vuto kulankhula ndi kuchita Samohvalov Ryzhov - mabwenzi apamtima ndi anzake Novoseltseva amene kwenikweni ndi mbali amasangalatsa ndi alangizi. Akukhulupirira kuti akuona - udindo chabe. Komabe, zimenezi si zoona. Ngakhale popanda nawo kukambirana, ndi kumakhudza yake, zomwe timaona chitsanzo anafotokoza.

Mugone

Tsopano ubale pakati pa zipani. Izi china chofunika pa "mawu vuto ndi zigawo zake." Ponena za iwo, poyamba pa zonse mumtima sikugwirizana m'lingaliro lenileni la mawu, udindo anthu ambiri wokamba ndi addressee. Pankhani pano, ubale Kalugin Novoseltsev kumatanthauza "wapamwamba-Kumvetsela". Komabe, ngakhale pano palibe bata. Izi zidalira pa zinthu komanso zochitika. Pa ofunda, kuntchito, mu ofesi, pamisonkhano malonda ayenera kukhala wotanganidwa ndi ntchito kalembedwe kulankhulana. Koma ngati "powonekera" ndi kunditumiza ku ofesi chuma m'malo alipidwa kunyumba - mu Samohvalova nyumba, pali kusintha kwa chilengedwe: nyimbo tebulo chikondwerero alendo ... Mwachidule, zinthu amakhala mwamwayi motero, udindo chikhalidwe ndi kalembedwe kulankhulana zikusintha.

Pachithunzichi Poona mmene zinthu zinaliri

Koma "lakale" zovuta muzindikire ichi, yomveka zoyesayesa zovuta chibwenzi ndi Novoseltseva anzathu komanso pakati pa chisangalalo chilengedwe akupitiriza kukhala kamvekedwe ka bizinesi boma. Si bwino ndi cholinga cha kugonana mokakamizidwa. Mwachangu ndi chiyembekezo, monga cholinga chachikulu cha kudziŵa kulankhulana malonda, palibe njira, ndi kunena kenanso za chilichonse. Komabe, wamanyazi, wamanyazi, "statistician mkulu" - kaya zinachitikira mantha, kaya ndi malo omwera analandira - komanso akudutsa pafupi zimene amaloledwa. Pambuyo ziwembu zingapo kuti chithumwa mnzake kuchititsa nyimbo zawo, kuwerenga ndakatulo ndi kuvina, ndipo sanalandire sazindikira, poyera, pamaso pa alendo lotchedwa Lyudmila Prokofievna "yankhanza" ndiponso "opanda chisoni." The mbali woseketsa zinthu zimaonekera. Koma izo ziri, chotero kulankhula, kulankhula zinthu zitsanzo. Zimene limanena?

Lingaliro la "kulankhula zinthu"

Mmodzi mwa zigawo za zilankhulo ndi lingvopragmatika. Ndi sayansi kuti amachita ndi kuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero, mwachitsanzo. E. Kodi munthu amagwiritsa ntchito "mawu" zimakhudza wolandira, ndi zimene zimakhudza makhalidwe a mawu ndi khalidwe la munthu mu ndondomeko kulankhulana. Nkhani kulankhula mu nkhani iyi Umutu ndi Cholinga chenicheni cha pragmatics chinenero, pa maziko amene anagwira kafukufuku zofunika. Amakhala ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zingapo: ophunzira kulankhulana, ubale wawo, nkhani ya kulankhulana, zinthu mkati ndi kunja kulankhulana. Kulankhula zinthu ndi zigawo zake zimafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane pa chitsanzo cha filimu chochitika chathu, titero, kuchita. Kumvetsa chiphunzitso angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu chiwembu akufuna N. I. Formanovskoy wodzilemekeza ndiponso T. A. Ladyzhenskoy. Kodi kulankhula zinthu ndi zigawo zake zimasonyeza bwinobwino mu chithunzi m'munsimu.

sender

Monga kwa ophunzira kulankhula, kuganiza, zinthu zikhoza osadzuka: sender ndi addressee - amene amalankhula ndi amene amamvetsera. M'mawu ena, sender ndi Mlengi wa zinthu mawu, ndi ophunzira mwakhama izo. Kungakhale onse kulankhula ndi kulemba, malinga ndi mmene ndi mawonekedwe zimene zimalankhulidwa - olembedwa kapena m'kamwa (chimodzi mu "kulankhula zinthu" tebulo). dera, ngati inu mukuona, ndi wosavuta. Akukhulupirira kuti udindo wa sender nthawi zambiri tactically zaphindu, chifukwa n'chakuti phunziro, kamvekedwe ndi mayendedwe a kuyankhulana. Iye "mkulu" wa kanthu, chotero, ufulu wapadera: iyeyo kucheza kubwerera pamzere olondola ndi moyenera, akhoza kusintha timelines ake.

sender

Komabe, monga iwo amati, chirichonse mu dziko lino ndi mtheradi ndi wachibale nthawi yomweyo. Choncho, udindo wa munthuyo mu kukambirana za - si nthawi zonse udindo chabe. Tikukambirana womverayo amachita angapo ntchito zofunika rechemyslitelnyh monga:

• Kulamulira buku la zomwe Iye anati,
• kumvetsa mphamvu za,
• generalization,
• tanthauzo mfundo,
• kusintha udindo.

mfundo zonse pamwamba ndi zomwe zagwiridwa ndi chofunika ndemanga zotakasika: "Zikomo zambiri," "Inde" "Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi mukuganiza kuti ..." "Ngati Ine inu, molondola ...". Mwa njira vuto kulankhula, kaya ndi mnzanga, moni, Zabwino, pali ena ya mawu mosamala ndi mawu - ". Chilinganizo cha zinthu kulankhula" otchedwa Ndi clichés izi ingawapangitse kuchitapo kanthu ndipo akupitirizabe kuchita zinthu mwamsanga ntchito ya woyankhula.

Chikhalidwe chikhalidwe cha ubale

N'zosatheka kukana kapena kuchepetsa kufunika kwa maudindo chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti. Tiyeni tiyerekeze kuti mayi, ndi kulankhula bwino ndi mwana wake pa kadzutsa, ora kenako, sukulu akutumikira monga aphunzitsi a mwana wanu. Ubale kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, iwo amachita monga "kholo ndi mwana" mu lina - "mphunzitsi ophunzira". Choncho, zinthu mawu, mawu ndi ntchito iwo adzakhala chosiyana. Aliyense amene sakumvetsa kapena sakuona kusiyana, simungapeze zinthu, likupita mavuto mosalephera.

zokhuza chikhalidwe chawo mwina atathana kapena variable. Gulu loyamba ndi zimene anatsimikiza ndi kulankhulana jenda ophunzira, zaka, mabanja , ndi zina zotero. Kwa wachiwiri, alternating maudindo monga iwo amaonetsera zinthu chikhalidwe ndi chuma chawo cha communicant pa nthawi kulankhulana ndi ulemu kwa ena, "mphunzitsi - wophunzira", "Mutu kapolo", "kholo ndi mwana", etc. The zizindikiro za chikhalidwe .. kachirombo ndi utumiki ndi chikhalidwe udindo, zikayenda bwino, kutukuka.

zinthu kunja kulankhulana

zinthu kulankhulana kunja monga nthawi ndi malo kulankhulana. Pa funso kaya iwo ali ofunika ndi amene amagwira nawo ntchito ndondomeko kulankhulana, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha kulankhula mu playwrights nawo sewerolo. Place cha zimenezi, nthawi, kuunikira, malongosoledwe mkati mwa chilengedwe - zonse ndi "kunja" tingafunike kusintha "mkati" - mawu onse akuusa, mawu.

Malinga nawo zinthu danga nthawi kusiyanitsa ovomerezeka ndipo sanali ovomerezeka zochitika mawu (pa "Russian" ngakhale ana analemba essays pa nkhaniyi). Kusiyana - pamene addresser ndi addressee zili mu malo omwewo kapena, pafupifupi, kuonana, chimodzi munda wa view, ndipo pamene kutchula watero wina chikugwirizana ndi maganizo a kumvetsera kwake. M'mawu ena, onse zinthu ophunzira kulankhula mu mogwirizana mwachindunji. Koma Yachiwiri, apa tikuona kulephera mtheradi kutsatira zinthu zonse izi: ndondomeko ya "I-inu-pano tsopano" ayi.

zinthu mkati

Zolinga ndi zolinga zili zofunikira mchitidwe maganizo "Vuto kulankhula." N'chifukwa chiyani tikunena chiyani? Kodi analankhula mokweza izi kapena kuti mawu? zolinga za onse otenga mbali kulankhula chiyani? Cholinga - ndi wosaoneka polumikiza ulusi pakati wokamba ndi womvera. No izo - akuswa kugwirizana, ndi kulankhula zinthu sukukhalakonso. Nanga mukhoza chandamale kwa ulusi woonda bola ngati simungathe kutha? The choyamba - ndi chilakolako kudziŵitsa, ndikukuuzani, fotokozani, kupereka lingaliro chilichonse. Chachiwiri - declension, kumvetsera chikhulupiriro cha chilichonse mwa umboni ndi kutsutsana. Chachitatu - maganizo, kusintha mkhalidwe maganizo a mnzake wa. Apa, ndithudi si pamtima chifukwa, komanso zinthu zochititsa interlocutor lapansi. Ntchito njira kukhudza mtima. Chachinayi - wofuna kuchita. Pankhaniyi, yankho wolakalakika - mwachindunji. Ndipo otsiriza - kukhalabe reciprocal zabwino mtima, chikhumbo chofuna kukondweretsa nokha ndi bwenzi lanu ndi ndondomeko ya kulankhulana.

Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti: "Ine ndi Msonkhano wofunika malonda." Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa cholinga chokana lapansi. Kodi munaganiza mwambo waukulu, ndipo simungathe kulandira kuyitana kwa abwenzi kupita mafilimu, "Ine ndi Msonkhano wofunika ntchito" (kotero ine sindingakhoze kupita nanu). Other kulankhula zinthu - kukhala mochedwa ndi chikumbutso bwenzi lapamtima, wina cholinga - kupepesa: "Ine ndi Msonkhano wofunika ntchito" (chimene ine musaphonye). Malinga ndi mawu, ndipo akhoza kulimbitsa anzake, kuwathandiza kupeza zinthu pansi, motero cholinga chatsopano - kuuzira motsimikiza kuti: "Ine ndi Msonkhano wofunika ntchito" (zibwenzi watilonjeza ntchito yatsopano, malingaliro atsopano). Monga Tingaone zitsanzo, chiweruzo chomwecho zingamvekere ndi kumverera mosiyana. Zidalira pa nkhaniyi ndi mawu a zolinga nkhani, sadziwa kapena atakomoka.