... kuchepetsa katundu ndi katundu redox

Redox katundu wa maatomu munthu ndi ayoni ndi nkhani mu umagwirira ano. Nkhanizi kumvetsa bwino ntchito kwa zinthu ndi zinthu kuchititsa poyerekeza mwatsatanetsatane za katundu mankhwala maatomu osiyanasiyana.

ndi nthumwi oxidizing Kodi

mavuto ambiri zimapangidwira, kuphatikizapo mafunso mayeso a logwirizana mayeso boma grade 11, ndipo JEG mu 9 kalasi, kugwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi. The oxidant imatengedwa maatomu kapena ayoni, amene m'kupita kwa mogwirizana mankhwala kuvomereza ma elekitironi ku ion wina kapena atomu. Ngati ife kuonanso bwino oxidizing katundu wa maatomu muyenera dongosolo nthawi ya Mendeleev. Mu nthawi imene inali ku gome kuchokera kumanzere, luso oxidizing wa maatomu ukuwonjezeka, ie, ndi ofanana katundu sanali zachitsulo. The subgroups zikuluzikulu ofanana chizindikiro amachepetsa downwards. Pakati pa wamphamvu kwambiri zinthu yosavuta ali ndi mphamvu oxidizing atsogolere fluoride. akuti A monga "electronegativity", n'zotheka kutenga atomu zinachitikira mogwirizana mankhwala ma elekitironi mwina kukuyerekezeredwa ndi katundu zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni. Mwa zinthu zovuta kuti zigwirizana zinthu ziwiri kapena zambiri mankhwala tinganene kuti oxidants yowala: permanganate potassium chlorate potassium ozoni.

ndi reductant Kodi

Kuchepetsa katundu lililonse kwa maatomu zinthu yosavuta naonetsere katundu zachitsulo. M'nthawi ya tebulo zodziwitsa mu katundu zachitsulo, kumanzereku wofooka, ndi subgroups lalikulu (ofukula), iwo nakweza. Akamanena za ayambe mu zotsatira za ma elekitironi imene ili kunja mlingo mphamvu. Kwakukulu chiwerengero cha zipolopolo elekitironi (milingo), kosavuta kutumiza pa mogwirizana mankhwala a ma elekitironi "owonjezera".

Kwambiri kuchepetsa katundu ndi yogwira (soda, zamchere lapansi) zitsulo. Komanso, zinthu naonetsere magawo ofanana kuti kusiyanitsa ndi okusayidi sulfure (6), mpweya monoxide. Pofuna kupeza digiri pazipita makutidwe ndi okosijeni, mankhwala ndi kusonyeza kuchepetsa katundu.

The ndondomeko makutidwe ndi okosijeni

Ngati, pamene mogwirizana mankhwala atomu kapena ion wotaya ma elekitironi kuti atomu wina (ion), akunena za ndondomeko ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Pakuti Khadili mmene kusintha kuchepetsa katundu ndi mphamvu zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni, chofunika zinthu za tebulo nthawi, komanso odziwa malamulo atsopano a sayansi.

ndondomeko kuchira

njira kuchepetsa idzagwiritsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ayoni kapena ma elekitironi ndi maatomu maatomu ena (ayoni) pamene mwachindunji mankhwala mogwirizana. Kwambiri kuchepetsa wothandizila nitrites, sulfites zitsulo soda. Kuchepetsa katundu wa zinthu mu dongosolo kusintha zitsulo katundu zofanana ndi zinthu zophweka.

Aligorivimu kusanthula OVR

Pofuna wokonzeka mankhwala anachita za wophunzira kukonza koefishienti, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito aligorivimu wapadera. katundu Redox kuthandiza kuthetsa zosiyanasiyana kapangidwe mu mawunikidwe, organic, umagwirira ambiri. Kuti kupereka kusanthula aliyense zotani:

1. Choyamba, n'kofunika kufotokoza iliyonse chinthu zilipo makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo.
2. Kenako chimatanthauza maatomu anthu kapena ayoni, omwe asintha chikhalidwe chawo makutidwe ndi okosijeni kukhala zotani.
3. Marks "opanda" ndi "kuphatikiza" akusonyeza nambala ya osewera anatengera pa mankhwala anachita wa ma elekitironi ufulu.
4. Komanso pakati pa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi anatsimikiza ndi osachepera wamba angapo, i.e. ndi inteja kuti ndi wogawana divisible ndi ma elekitironi anavomera ndipo anapereka.
5. Ndiye lagawidwa ma elekitironi nawo zosiyanasiyana mankhwala.
6. Kenako, tingadziwe zomwe ayoni kapena maatomu ndi katundu kuchepetsa, komanso kudziwa oxidants.
7. Pa chomaliza koefishienti aima mu Eq.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira za muyezo pakompyuta, kuika koefishienti mu chiwembu anapatsidwa anachita:

NaMnO ₄ + sulfuric asidi + haidrojeni sulfide = S + MN CHONCHO ₄ + ... + ...

Aligorivimu kuthetsa vutoli

Ife tikupeza ndendende zimene ziyenera kupangidwa pambuyo mogwirizana kwa nkhaniyi. Popeza zimene kale oxidant (iwo manganese) ndi kumatanthauza kuchepetsa wothandizila (zidzakhala sulfure) anapanga mankhwala amene si kusintha mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Popeza zimene chachikulu chikuchitika pakati mchere ndi wamphamvu mpweya munali asidi, ndiye wina wa chinthu mapeto adzakhala madzi, ndipo chachiwiri - sodium wochuluka mchere, yeniyeni, sodium sulphate.

Tiyeni tsopano kubwerera chiwembu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa elekitironi ndi:

- MN ⁺⁷ amatenga 5 mauthenga = MN ^+2.

Gawo lachiwiri la chiwembu la:

- S ^-2 = S ⁰ otdaet2e

Timaika mitengo koyamba anachita, osati kuiwala kuti adzimvera maatomu onse sulfa m'magawo mbali ya aone kuti pali lapansi.

2NaMnO ₄ + 5H ₂ S + 3H _{2 4} = 5S + 2MnSO ₄ + 8H ₂ O + Na _{2 4.}

Parsing OVR yokhudza hydrogen peroxide

Kugwiritsa ntchito aligorivimu kusanthula OVR akhoza opotoka ndi mankhwala anachita:

wa hydrogen peroxide + asidi sulfuric + potaziyamu permagnanat = MN CHONCHO ₄ + mpweya + ... + ...

Makutidwe ndi okosijeni anasintha mpweya ion (hydrogen peroxide) ndi manganese cation kuti permanganate potaziyamu. Ndiye kuti, ndi wothandizila kuchepetsa ndi wothandizila oxidizing, tiri pomwepo.

Kutanthauzira nkhani zimene munthu zikhonza kuchitika pambuyo mogwirizana ndi. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi madzi, amene mwachionekere umaimiridwa ndi zimene pakati pa acid ndi mchere. Potaziyamu osati kupanga chinthu chatsopano, mankhwala yachiwiri potaziyamu mchere, ndicho sulphate, monga zimene anachita ndi asidi sulfuric.

galimoto:

2O ^- 2 ^amapereka elekitironi ndi lidzasinthidwa O ₂ ⁰ 5

MN ⁺⁷ 5 alandira ma elekitironi ndipo amakhala ion 2 MN ⁺²

Timaika mitengo.

5H ₂ O ₂ + 3H _{2 4} + 2KMnO = 5O _{2 4} + 2Mn CHONCHO ₄ + 8H ₂ O + K _{2 4}

CHITSANZO parsing OVR ndi chromate potaziyamu

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira bwino pakompyuta, kukhazikitsa aone kuti pali ndi koefishienti:

FeCl ₂ + amathiridwa asidi + potaziyamu chromate = FeCl ₃ + CrCl ₃ + ... + ...

Kusintha makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma chitsulo (chitsulo mankhwala enaake mu II) ndi chromium ion mu bichromate potaziyamu.

Tsopano ife tikuyesera kuti adzaone zomwe zina anapanga. Wina akhoza kukhala mchere. Monga potaziyamu si anapanga pawiri aliyense Motero mankhwala yachiwiri ndi mchere potassium zambiri ndendende, enaake, chifukwa zimene zinachitika ndi hydrochloric acid.

Kulinganiza:

Fe ⁺² amatumiza mauthenga = Fe ⁺³ 6 reductant

2Cr ⁺⁶ 6 amalandira mauthenga = 2Cr ⁺³ 1 oxidizer.

Ife angabweretse ndi koefishienti mu anachita:

6K ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + FeCl ₂ + 14HCl = 7H ₂ O + 6FeCl ₃ + 2CrCl ₃ + 2KCl

CHITSANZO parsing OVR ndi iodide potaziyamu

Titalandira malamulo, kukhazikitsa aone kuti pali:

potaziyamu permanganate + sulfuric asidi + potaziyamu iodide, manganese sulphate + ... iodo + ... + ...

Makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma anasintha manganese ndi ayodini. Kuti ndi reductant ndi oxidant alipo.

Tsopano ife tikupeza, mu mapeto ife anapanga. Pawiri adzakhala ndi potassium i.e. kupeza sulphate potaziyamu.

njira kuchepetsa chidzachitika ayoni ayodini.

Kupanga elekitironi kutengerapo chiwembu:

- MN ⁺⁷ 5 amalandira mauthenga = MN ⁺² 2 ndi wothandizila oxidizing,

^- 2I - amapereka E = I 2 ₂ ⁰ 5 ndi wothandizila kuchepetsa.

Ife kukonza koefishienti mu anachita, pamene Musaiwale kuti adzimvera maatomu onse sulfure mu aone kuti pali lapansi.

210KI + KMnO ₄ + 8H _{2 4} = 2MnSO ₄ + 5I ₂ + 6K _{2 4} + 8H ₂ O

CHITSANZO parsing OVR ndi sulfite ndi sodium

Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapamwamba, ife akatunge ziwembu kuti aone kuti pali kuti:

- sulfuric asidi + KMnO ₄ + ... ndi sodium sulfite, sodium sulphate, manganese sulphate + ... + ... +

Pambuyo yatikhudza kupeza ndi sodium mchere madzi.

Kulinganiza:

- MN ⁺⁷ 5 amalandira mauthenga = MN ⁺² 2

- S ⁺⁴ 2 amatumiza mauthenga = S ⁺⁶ 5.

Ife kukonza koefishienti mu anachita izi musaiwale kuika maatomu sulfure pokhazikitsa koefishienti.

3H _{2 4} + 2KMnO ₄ + 5Na _{2 3} = K _{2 4} + 2MnSO ₄ + 5Na _{2 4} + 3H ₂ O.

CHITSANZO parsing OVR ndi asafe

Malizitsani ntchito zotsatirazi. Ntchito aligorivimu, ife kupanga wathunthu anachita aone kuti pali:

- manganese nitrate + nitric asidi + PbO ₂ = HMnO ₄ + PB (NO _{3) 2} +

Tiyeni tione zimene mankhwala ngakhale mitundu. Popeza anachita unachitikira pakati pa wamphamvu wothandizila oxidizing ndi mchere, ndiye mankhwala ndi madzi.

Timasonyezadi kusintha chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi:

- MN ⁺² 5 amatumiza mauthenga = MN ⁺⁷ 2 zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho katundu wa wothandizila kuchepetsa,

- PB ⁺⁴ 2 amalandira mauthenga = PB ⁺² 5 oxidizer.

3. Ife kukonza koefishienti mu anachita mosamala kuwonjezera onse a asafe pano mu kumanzere kwa anthu aone kuti pali koyamba:

- 2Mn (NO _{3) 2} + 6HNO ₃ + 5PbO ₂ = 2HMnO ₄ + 5Pb (NO _{3) 2} + 2H ₂ O.

Mu linachepa, kuchepetsa katundu ndi chosaoneka asafe.

A chitsanzo chachiwiri cha redox anachita ndi asafe:

Zn + sulfuric asidi + HNO ₃ = ZnSO ₄ + NO + ...

- Zn ⁰ 2 amatumiza mauthenga = Zn ⁺² 3 kukhala kuchepetsa wothandizila,

N ⁺⁵ 3 amalandira mauthenga = N ⁺² 2 ndi oxidant.

Ife ikani koefishienti mu anachita anakonzeratu:

3Zn + 3H _{2 4} + 2HNO ₃ = 3ZnSO ₄ + 2NO + 4H ₂ O.

Tanthauzo la zochita redox

The odziwika bwino kuchepetsa anachita - photosynthesis, mbewu imodzi. Kodi kusintha katundu kuchira? ndondomeko kumachitika mu biosphere, izo amatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu mphamvu ndi anthu wamba. Ndi mphamvu imeneyi ndi amagwiritsa zosowa zawo kwa anthu. Zitsanzo za oxidizing ndi kuchepetsa zochita kugwirizana ndi zinthu mankhwala, ndi zofunika makamaka akatembenuka mankhwala a asafe, mpweya, oxygen. Umene timapuma mpweya ali zikuchokera ngati kuti ndi chofunika kuti chitukuko cha zamoyo. Umene timapuma si kuonjezera mpweya woipa mu casing mpweya, padziko Lapansi si ukagwira. Chomera akufotokozera osati kudzera redox anachita, koma kufunika mitundu zinthu zina anthu, monga mpweya, shuga. Popanda ichi mankhwala anachita sangakhale mkombero zonse za nkhaniyo chikhalidwe, komanso kuli zamoyo.

Othandiza ntchito OVR

Pofuna kukhala ndi zitsulo pamwamba, m'pofunika kudziwa kuti kuchepetsa katundu zitsulo yogwira Choncho n'zotheka kuphimba pamwamba wosanjikiza pa zinthu yogwira, motero liwiro ndondomeko ya mankhwala dzimbiri. Chifukwa zimatha redox ndi kuyeretsa ndi disinfection wa madzi akumwa. Ngakhale vuto sangathe kuthetsedwa popanda aikidwa molondola mu koefishienti aone kuti pali. Kuti asalakwitse, n'kofunika kukhala ndi lingaliro za magawo onse redox.

Chitetezo mankhwala dzimbiri

Makamaka kovuta kuti moyo wa munthu ndi zochitika dzimbiri. Chifukwa cha kutembenuka mankhwala kulephera zitsulo, kutaya mbali galimoto ntchito yawo, zipangizo makina. Pofuna kukonza vuto limeneli, ntchito chitetezo nsembe, chitsulo ❖ kuyanika wosanjikiza varnish kapena kujambula ntchito kasakaniza wazitsulo anticorrosive. Mwachitsanzo, zitsulo pamwamba ndi ataphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa zitsulo yogwira - zotayidwa.

Pomaliza

A zosiyanasiyana kuchepetsa zimachitika mu thupi, kuonetsetsa uziyenda yachibadwa a dongosolo m'mimba. Chotero njira zofunika moyo monga nayonso mphamvu, inali kuwola, kupuma, unakambidwanso mogwirizana ndi kuchepetsa katundu. Mbali ofanana, zonse zamoyo padziko lathuli. Popanda anachita ndi kudzipereka ndi kuvomereza ma elekitironi sangathe migodi, mafakitale la ammonia, alkalis, zidulo. Mu njira zonse mawunikidwe umagwirira kusanthula volumetric zachokera njira redox. Nkhondo zoterezi zosasangalatsa chodabwitsa cha mankhwala dzimbiri, nawonso zochokera chidziwitso cha pasukuluyi.