Kolyma HPP: location, zinthu zachilengedwe, Ndalama. Kolyma hydropower mbewu wotchedwa Yu Frishter

Pitani malo komanso kuganizira makina amenewa - ndiye chimwene, komanso mavuto zapadera panjira kuyembekezera patali Kolyma HPP. Kuthetsa makilomita mazana asanu ku Magadan Far North - zovuta.

mwachidule

Amenewa amanena za opangira magetsi magetsi a PJSC "Kolymaenergo", zimene pamapeto, ndi wocheperapo a JSC "RusHydro". Kolymskaya HPP kwa m'ndandanda wa magawo ndi wapadera. Izi si dongosolo lalikulu ndi lamphamvu.

Wapadera zimagwiritsa chifukwa Region Magadan boma lake mphamvu olekanitsidwa dongosolo la mphamvu ya Russia, komanso chifukwa ili ndi mphamvu opangira magetsi pafupifupi zofunikira m'munda mphamvu - 95% - amapereka paokha. A wapadera chachikulu - malo ake. M'mbali mwa Madzi oundana ali woyamba ndi okha. Kolyma HPP ali damu Kumwambamwamba, ndi chipinda injini ili pansi. ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa ntchito yofanana.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Mfundo za mmene ntchito zachilengedwe mphamvu inatuluka mwa Kolyma Mtsinje anali atapereka pachiyambi penipeni wa mmasate Mu zaka zapitazo miyala ndi nthaka Ascension. Panali ngakhale kuphedwa ntchito angapo isanayambe Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Kenako, choncho analibe nthawi kusuntha. Kupangira magetsi pano anapitiriza ntchito malasha m'deralo. Kubwerera ku ntchito ya dera lino la zinthu zimene akufuna, monga Kolyma HPP, anatsala mu zaka zao za sikisite, pamene anagwidwa pambuyo nkhondo owonongedwa ndi kugonjetsa danga anayamba. Mu June 1964, tinakonza kuwombera mtunda wa onse a m'dera lino, ndipo mu 1965 anabwera kuno ndi gulu la nduna za Energy la akatswiri hayidiroliki.

Zotsatira za ulendo uno, natumikira monga kusankha ntchito kafukufuku pa malo mayikidwe a mphamvu tsogolo opangira magetsi. Ndiye izo zonse zinachitidwa, ndi Region Magadan ndipo anatenga gulu loyamba hayidiroliki akatswiri-oyeza. Mu December chaka chotsatira limodzi ndi chitukuko cha polojekiti, ndipo mu 1967 inayamba pa malo a zofufuza zovuta. Iye anagwira ntchito "Lengidroproekt", m'malo maulendowa chakhumi ndi chitatu kufufuza chandamale cha bungwe ili. Mu November 1969, chiyambi linakhalapo kasamalidwe zomangamanga "Kolymagesstroy" mu "Vilyuygesstroya". Patapita miyezi ingapo mu USSR Komiti Planning State mutu wa ntchito imene patsogolo yomanga linatsegulidwa. Mwachidule, mu 1970, a opangira magetsi mphamvu siteshoni pa Mtsinje Kolyma wayamba kale linakhalapo - koma mu mawonekedwe a zomangamanga.

kuyambira

Mu February 1970, ngolo woyamba ku Yakutia ku siteshoni chandamale watumidwa ndi March zida yomanga anafika. Mtunda uko ndi masabata ngati kuti awiri panjira - zimenezi si zachilendo, kutali china chirichonse Kolyma HPP. zinthu Natural kwambiri wapadera - Madzi oundana, ndi Far North. Anthu ndi luso akubwera osati kuchokera Yakutia, komanso ku Magadan m'mudzi Uptar iwo anayembekezera pasenjala m'munsi - woyamba nsanja yomanga. Choyamba, kunali koyenera kumanga nyumba kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kumanga misewu ndi zina zomangamanga ndi. Ambiri opangira magetsi ena amapewa zisamakuchitikireni a dongosolo choterocho, ndipo Kolyma opangira magetsi magetsi anali kupita njira yonse mpaka ziro. Izi si damu ndi mahema atha (nyengo si hema!), Pali zinamangidwa malo osungira, misewu, nyumba ndi sockultbit.

Kotero apo kuthetsa hydrobuilders Sinegorye ndi nyumba yosanjikizana anapanga matabwa, ndiye mapanelo zotayidwa, wokongola komanso yosamalidwa bwino, ndi sukulu, ndi sukulu ya mkaka, masitolo ndi nyumba ya chikhalidwe. Kumbukirani kuti nyengo ndi wankhanza kwambiri, ndipo Madzi oundana sikutheka kumanga nyumba pa maziko ndi kumanga kukula kulikonse nthawi anamanga pa Nyumba Zam'mwamba. Chilimwe wofatsa, nthawi zina otentha, pamwamba wosanjikiza chimasungunula pansi, maziko amayandama. Chabwino, yozizira ndi opanda sikisite-awiri madigiri Celsius - kutentha yachibadwa, si kuonjezera chiwerengero cha masabata. Kutentha nyengo mu Far North kumatenga osachepera masiku mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri, kawirikawiri - kwambiri. Koma dziko anafunika kwambiri Kolyma HPP, kufunika kwake chuma kwambiri.

maofesi chachikulu

Mu June 1974, anatulutsa chidebe woyamba wa dziko lapansi. Pamenepo anayamba kumanga damu. Kolyma HPP inamangidwa imodzi ndi kuthetsa hydrobuilders zaka ziwiri, ndipo potsiriza, mu 1976, nyumbayi inali Onse-Union mantha. Awiri ndi theka zikwi za dziko yabwino Komsomol anadza kwa magulu Kolyma. Mu 1980, mtsinje watsekedwa pa malo a mphamvu opangira magetsi, ndipo posakhalitsa woyamba wagawo hayidiroliki kale anayesedwa. A okwana asanu, anamuyika lomaliza kugwira ntchito kokha mu 1995. Mu 2010, mphamvu opangira magetsi unadziwika ngati "Kolyma HPP dzina lake Frishter YI" - izo unatchedwa wotsogolera woyamba ndi woyang'anira ntchito yomanga.

opangira magetsi yomanga - wamphamvu damu paipi HPP: thanthwe kukhuta damu, mobisa nyumba madzi intakes, PTC ndi ISG (mafakitale-zamakono zovuta ndi chatsekedwa yogawa chipangizo) spillway. Zosakhalitsa ndipo sadzatha mobisa makhazikitsidwe pano ambiri, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi pa mtunda wa makilomita asanu ndi awiri, ndi kuchuluka kwa vylomki - 425 000 mamita lalikulu. Kungakupatseni opangira magetsi mphamvu - 224 megawatts, ndipo anaika - 900, pafupifupi, kwaiye biliyoni 3.325 kWh magetsi pachaka.

mtsinje

Opangira magetsi magetsi anamanga kutali ndi pakamwa - 1854 Km Kolyma akadali ukuyenda kunyanja. Panali inali yaikulu Kolyma pamakomo, amene tsopano ali anasefukira posungira. M'chigwa cha Kolyma mtsinje malo mochuluka kuchepera, anapanga gorge ndi otsetsereka kwambiri. Modzikhulupirira, mabuku ndi zoopsa. Ngakhale pamene m'chilimwe ndi yophukira madzi osefukira ndi anamaliza, HPS amathandiza kukhuthula madzi. Choncho yobereka yaitali ndi mtsinjewo. mphamvu opangira magetsi sadzakhala kumeneko yekha - Kolyma HPP kugwa tichipeza okwerera awiri. Izi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi - siteji chapamwamba kugwa lapansi. Ndi oyamba a Ayenela-Srednekanskaya ingathandize zonse navigability wa Kolyma Mtsinje, ndipo modes wa ntchito Kolyma HPP sadzakhala ndi malamulo. Tsopano si choncho. Aliyense kumaliseche madzi umatha ntchito yaikulu ya kulimbitsa gombe ndi nyanja. Ichi ndi chifukwa zolakwa zimachitika kawirikawiri kuposa apeza, ndi spillway yaitali ntchito.

Zonse zigwirizana madamu opangira magetsi ndi madamu. Apa mtsinje amafuna zinthu ziwiri: ndi chitsimikizo mtheradi chaka chonse madzi kupezeka ndi otsetsereka wabwino. Hydro nthawi ili kumene chigwa-view alili. Kolyma - ndi mtsinje uwu, ndipo linamangidwa m'chigwa Kolyma HPP. Sinegorye - kuthetsa Mphamvu - ndi makilomita asanu okha zana kuchokera Magadan. Mwina, kumtunda ndipo pang'ono - 3-4 maola ndi galimoto. North sakonda pamene anthu kungoganizira njira kwa kanthawi. Pakhoza kukhala ndi maola onse makumi atatu kupita ku malo oyandikana, koma wokondwa mwamsanga ndipo popanda ulendo osafunika. Koma ngati inu mumapita molunjika pamodzi Kolyma makilomita mazana awiri, pa njira adzagwa lachiwiri (ndi Qiyama) kugwa - Ayenela-Srednekanskaya. Apa konkire ndi dothi damu nawonso anamanga pa mfundo narrowest pa chigwacho.

magawo

Kolyma opangira magetsi siteshoni mphamvu inamangidwa ndi mbali ziwiri: woyamba, anamanga tambirimbiri simenti chachikulu ndi osakhalitsa madamu, spillways, madyedwe njira ndi ngalandezi culverts, gawo la PTK nyumba, kompyuta chipinda pa mayunitsi atatu amene anali m'gulu kuthamanga yafupika, ndi gawo lachiwiri anaziika a damu lalikulu inamangidwa , ndi spillway, madyedwe komanso mokwanira HPP nyumbayi. zana ndi makumi anayi ndi mamita theka - kutalika kwa damu kuti pazipita, kuti ali pakati zambiri za pansi izo - apamwamba mu dziko. m'litali, poganiza lokwera, mamita 683, m'lifupi - 15. pamwamba ndi pansi - yaikulu ya mwala lubwe prism ndondomeko Anachita pachimake pa nthaka (mchenga loam), Zosefera zopangidwa mchenga ndi miyala prisms imakonzedwa pakati pa abutment ndi pakati.

Spillway pafupifupi pafupi nyumbayi, iyo ili yopangidwa ndi simenti monga chutes trohprolotny spillway ndi kudumpha mathero. Aliyense trinadtsatimetrovy twente-mita chikhato overlaps shutter. Ndi kugwa mawindo zingwe, omwe angalere matani mazana awiri chipata ofunika awiri. Kolyma mosungiramo (kapena nyanja, amadziwika kwanuko) makilomita 6 m'lifupi ndi 148 m'litali, malo ake - 441 Km lalikulu, kuya pazipita - mamita 120. Anadzazidwa ndi madzi kuyambira 1980, ndondomeko chinatenga zaka eyiti. Monga mwa nthawi zonse zimachitika pomanga zomera hydropower, anasefukira zambiri minda. Apa, mu Kolyma, kuti msipu minda chimanga sali, kumene. Koma nyumba onse anagwidwa - ndi okwera mtengo pano. Nyanja anthu kukonda: iye kukakwera Grayling, whitefish, Lenca, burbot, ndipo mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zina zabwino.

More za zinthu zachilengedwe

Onse-Union nyumba anapanga kuti adziwe unangokwaniritsidwa bwinja ndipo olekanitsidwa ndi mtunda dziko. Kolyma msewu, ndilo msewu wapafupi, yomwe ili makilomita makumi anai, amene kwambiri chifukwa zikhalidwe za Far North. Stoke pa Kolyma, monga onse a mitsinje ya kumpoto, kwambiri m'goli. Yaikulu ndi m'chilimwe ndi yophukira kusefukira kwa madzi mu mafunde awiri - kasupe (pachimake mu June) ndi mvula (August ndi September). Mu nyengo yofunda ndipo amawachitira zayamba otaya lonse - kwa 97 peresenti.

M'nyengo yozizira ndi, ndithudi, pafupifupi akuzimirira kutali: mtsinje kuzizira pa chiyambi cha October, ndipo anatsegula kutha kwa May, pa nthawi kumwa madzi akutsikira kiyubiki mamita 3 pa mphindi. A yozizira koopsa yaitali - kuchokera masiku 200 270 chaka. Nyengo ndi ozizira kwambiri, matalikidwe a kusinthasintha kutentha kwa madigiri nainte-eyiti pa chaka! Ndiko yozizira -62 (osachepera kutentha), ndi m'chilimwe +36 (pazipita). Apa zonse kuwomba mphepo, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira, ali amphamvu, pa opanda sikisite izo zimapangitsa nyengo si amphamvu, koma pafupifupi mumamva. m'dera alinso kwambiri seysmichen - mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri (MSK-64 sikelo).

Sinegorye

Near mudzi opangira magetsi wamkulu. Tsoka iye anali wovuta. Pamene oweterako akadali tikukonza, panali oposa 17 zikwi anthu (kumbukirani kuti lomaliza - wachisanu - unit anakhala ntchito mu 1995), ndiye kuti anthu ambiri pano alibe ntchito. Sinegorye mofulumira kutaya, anthu anali kuchoka ku malo ena, kuti ntchito zina zomanga kapena kumtunda. Pa nthawi, anthu onse a Sinegorye palibe zoposa zikwi ziwiri anthu. Izi opangira magetsi siteshoni mphamvu kutumikira ndodo, antchito a ogwira ntchito magetsi ndi boma. Pamodzi ndi anthu Sinegorye anachoka ndi makonzedwe a amasamalidwa bwino.

Chirichonse mwamsanga zokha: thanzi, maphunziro, chikhalidwe. Only dziwe kusambira alipo mpaka pano. Otsala a wapamwamba-wolemera masewera zovuta - pafupifupi kumeneko. The vuto lomwelo kulikonse. Koma dera lino chofunika kukhala mu Mulimonsemo Musataye kale anamanga. Kodi nyumba zambiri tsopano kanthu mu Sinegorye! Iwo onse anamuthawa. Ngakhale palibe kufunsa zimenezo, chifukwa moyo kuno. Inde, subsoil m'dera tikulephera miyala - chitsulo ndi ureniamu, tini, pulatinamu, golide ... Kolyma HPP Mwaichi namanga - kukhala gawo.

Mmene anali kuchitira

Pamene mu 30s kutali chuma m'deralo kufufuza, zinadziwika kuti kufunika mtengo ndi amphamvu mphamvu likulu. Madzi oundana, nyengo zovuta zimapangitsa ntchito makamaka nthawi yambiri ndipo kwambiri mtengo. Komabe, choncho anagwidwa patsogolo. Zinalengedwa kuwerengetsera zovuta ndi kafukufuku posankha mtundu wa damu tinapeza malo ambiri mulingo woyenera mayikidwe. Kodi yopambana ntchito kukonzekera, ndipo apa - GES waima kukongola. Chirichonse chinali "mosamalitsa ndi malamulo," monga iwo amati m'madera amenewa. Pankhaniyi, izi lingaliro - terroformirovanie. Ngati ndondomeko izi analeredwa mapeto, chimatsogolera ku ziŵalo lonse la dziko amasintha maonekedwe, chilengedwe ndi nyengo. Zofanana chidachitika pa Kolyma HPP.

woyendera nthambi wamphamvu mafakitale, anachititsa msewu analengedwa, anakhazikitsa zosiyanasiyana ulimi. Tidapeza ndipo anayamba ntchito kubala zipangizo yomanga: mchenga, miyala, dongo, gypsum. Ndipo mmene luso mizati anabwera kuchokera ku doko la Magadan! Zinayenda magalimoto amphamvu kwambiri - dambo BelAZ, KrAZ, KamAZ, mumafuna apa nyumba ndi amene anakumba zinthu zakale, magalimoto okonzera, mathirakitala. Ndipotu, kunali koyenera kuti kungobweretsa chilichonse, apa ndi malo opanda kanthu ndi chilombo kapena yaing'ono shurupchika kupeza, samathanso Mipikisano matani thiransifoma ndi chopangira mphamvu hydrogenerator. Zenera galasi, zovala, mipando, chakudya ndi cranes - adaperekedwa pa msewu ndi akutali.

chintchito

Kolyma, monga mpeni, kudula kudzera lokwera la Cherskogo, nagawira mu awiri akuluakulu phewa lubwe, umene muyenera kukhala okonzeka - agwirizane ndi oyera, chifukwa ali pano kuti nthawi linaikidwamo ndi Arc yaikulu damu. Industrial Area kale analola kutsegula kusindikiza, ndi chinthu zoyambirira nyumba konkire. Anakumba zinthu zakale kwenikweni uyo mu pansi maliseche ya mtsinje, kumene wakukonzera malo m'munsi mwa damu la. Ntchito mapiri mafakitale, anamuvula makoma a mayikidwe, kupita mwakuya mu mapiri, kudula lubwe, drifters Brigade. Meter ndi mita atagonjetsa una wa culverts. Mu njira yomweyo mu thanthwe anakhomerera danga yaikulu makina mayunitsi HPP.

Damu ali pano - mmodzi yekha mu dziko, chifukwa iwo sakudziwa yaitali bwanji kuchita pa Madzi oundana a. A unyolo mosalekeza wa magalimoto anapita ku Magadan, mu Sinegorye anabweretsa matani oposa zikwi simenti pa tsiku. yozizira, kwambiri pa frosts aakulu, omwe alipo pa dziko. M'chilimwe palibe misewu. Choncho - kudzera wofuka chisanu, kugonjetsa mitsinje, mofulumira kwambiri, kuti kwenikweni mukhoza amaundana ndi madigirii sikisite, kutsogolera ngolo wake ndi katundu (pa 170 matani) ndipo nthawi zambiri oversized katundu. Phiri otsetsereka chitadutsa, malo otsetsereka yoterera. Pajatu anali onse chifukwa cha cholinga zazikulu kwambiri! Zinali feat.