Kodi chikhalidwe Chernyakhov? Culture Chernyakhov: chiyambi ndi malongosoledwe

Chernyakhov Culture - mmodzi wa nthawi yaikulu ofukula zinthu zakale m'mbiri oyambirira a Asilavo. Panapita ndithu zambiri danga pa dera la makono Ukraine, Romania, Moldova ndi Russia. Mwachirengedwe ili makamaka steppe ndi nkhalango, osachepera - mu mabacteria ndi steppe.

makhalidwe General

Kuphunzira chikhalidwe ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa kamvedwe ka nkhani, Chisilavo ethnogenesis. Nthawi zogwirizana zinachitika njira yogwira kusamuka, anthu wosanganiza ndi mzake, nthawi zina zovuta mukuzidziwa yosiyanasiyana mbewu. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amavomereza mfundo yakuti mapangidwe wa Asilavo wakale zinachitika pafupi zedi ndi resettlement a mafuko ena mu malo oyamba ali wokonzeka. Mu sayansi chimapambana lingaliro ndi kayendedwe wotsiriza, amene mu zaka 1-3 BC. e. asamukira ku madera a zigawo Roma, Northern Black Sea Coast, wachita udindo wapadera. Pa nthawiyi, pali mapangidwe zikhalidwe zina Asilavo mtundu, monga Mwachitsanzo, Przeworsk, Kiev, ndi ena. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Asilavo anali allocated mwa fuko antskogo, monga zalembedwa mu mabuku akale. M'nkhani ino ndi tiyenela kuiganizila Chernyakhovsky nthawi mu mbiriyakale ya Asilavo Pamudzi.

phunziro

chikhalidwe amatenga dzina la mudzi Chernyakhiv (Kiev dera), amene anali kuphunzira mu zaka za m'ma 20, asayansi Korotynskyy. Akatswiri ambiri okonda amakhulupirira kuti mu kapangidwe kake mitundu anali multiethnic. Ena amakhulupirira kuti Zarubintsy ndi Chernyakhov chikhalidwe umafananirako chifukwa iwowa m'malo ndi woyamba, amene ankaona Asilavo (ngakhale historiography achilendo ndi mawonedwe kuti ndi kapangidwe kake mitundu anali German). Kusintha chikhalidwe chake kuphunzira ndi asayansi amenewa otchuka monga asodzi Sedov.

magwero

Chernyakhov Culture chifukwa cha njira kusamuka, umene unachitika pa dera la mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Akatswiri ambiri zakhala zikunena chiyambi chake kwa yosamutsa wa Goths, amene, kutenga gawo Chiyukireniya, zosanganizikirana ndi anthu akuderalo. Panthawi imeneyi, anatuluka boma oium. malire ake lifanane ndi gulu kuti ndale. Chifukwa zovuta kusamuka umayenda Chernyakhovskaya chikhalidwe anali Mipikisano mitundu, kuti inkakhala Asilavo Antes, Germany, Asukuti Sarmats. mbiri Asodzi ankakhulupirira kuti anali Asilavo wakale, koma lingaliro ili adatsutsana mwa sayansi.

chuma

Culture Chernyakhovskaya chimakwirira zapakati pa IV kuti II. N. e. Iye anali pa mlingo zachuma patsogolo kwambiri. Maziko a chuma kulimbikitsa ulimi khasu. Akatswiriwa anapeza zotsalira za makasu, nsonga zachitsulo, Mahaki, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito ulimi. Chogwidwa ndi kuswana ng'ombe, pamene anthu nkhumba ndi akavalo. Ntchito yosungirako dzenje, amene anapezeka zingapo midzi. chikhalidwe Chernyakhovskaya amakhala ndi mkulu mlingo wa panga za manja. Population mwaluso kusamalira zitsulo, fupa ndi nkhuni. Anasunga ulemerero wa zitsulo sanali akakhala, zotsala za zipangizo anapangidwa kuchokera mafupa nyama.

Pa malo ena ng'anjo zitsulo anapeza. Anthu zikuoneka ankadziwa njira zosiyanasiyana processing zachitsulo (lakhala) ndi kupanga zitsulo. Komabe, mbali ya bronzes ambiri anapulumutsidwa. Pali maganizo ena njira processing akhala anaitenga ku zigawo Roma, komanso ku Central European dera.

M'nyumba

Chernyakhovskaya chikhalidwe kufalitsa makamaka m'madera nkhalango, kotero kwawo anali lalikulu kukula ndi zambiri amakona anayi mu mawonekedwe. midzi yamalinga zazing'ono, koma ena a iwo zisungidwe malo kum'mwera (mzinda, Aleksandrovka). Makoma awo kufika mamita khumi ndi kutalika, pali makoma ndipo malinga. Iwo inali pa okwera apamwamba, pamene nyumba wamba - pamodzi ndi makhwawa a mitsinje yaing'ono.

Mokhala anagawanika pawiri: zogona ndi zachuma. pakati lili pakati. M'mabanja ena, makoma anachita "youma", mwachitsanzo. E. Popanda wapadera binder njira. nyumba Awa zambiri Stolbovo amalemba iwo unali wattle ndi TACHIMATA ndi dongo. Mokhala ili "zisa" wa floodplains. Mkati iwo anali makamera imodzi kapena ziwiri.

zipilala

Chernyakhov chikhalidwe ofukula zinthu zakale ali anapitiriza angapo zipilala chidwi. Choyamba tikulankhula za njoka wotchuka (Troyan) mikondo, yomwe ili kum'mwera kwa Kiev pa magombe a Dnieper. Mlatho m'patali anali kumbuyo mu cholinga. Ndi unyolo lapansi embankments ndi ngalande motsatizana pa mtunda wautali (nyumba osiyana ndi kutalika kwa wina ndi wamtunda wokwana milingo zana limodzi makumi asanu).

Kuliganizira komanso ndi chikumbutso kwa Chernyakhov chikhalidwe Vinnitsa dera. Apa, apadera thanthwe kupenta, tanthauzo la zomwe akadali asayansi kukangana anatulukira. Izo zimasonyeza mtengo leafless, pa imodzi mwa nthambi umene Tambala atakhala pamaso pake - munthu amene kuseri kwake pali nswala. Komanso, zikuchokera ali chimango mu malo pakati pa nyanga. Wina chipilala mu dera limodzi - Ilinetsky miyala ya chiphala tufa kupanga millstones. Izi zikusonyeza mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko cha zitsulo m'chigawochi.

maliro

Duffel zovuta Chernyakhov chikhalidwe inachokera osati m'nyumba komanso m'manda. Komabe, monga ulamuliro, ali m'manda awo pang'ono, koma kulola ena zakale recreate tione nyengo. The maenje manda zina unearth zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku ndi katundu wa m'nyumba. Nthawi zina simuli zotengera ndi mbali pa ntchito zapakhomo monga spindles. Pezani ndi zokongoletsa. Pakati pawo, mwachitsanzo, fibula.

chikhalidwe Chernyakhovskaya amakhala ndi njira ziwiri za maliro: maliro ndi cremations. Mbali yoyamba ntchito ochiritsira amakona anayi dzenje, zotsalira wachiwiri anaikidwa ziwiya jugs, mapoto, ngakhale mbale. Manda zimapezeka, ndi zotsalira za manja Mwachitsanzo, arrowheads, mikondo, anawerama malupanga zolinga mwambo. Pali onse m'manda limodzi ndi bayinare.

Houseware

Pamudzi chikhalidwe Chernyakhov, monga ulamuliro, anali chuma cholinga chake ndi ntchito. Choncho, nthawi zambiri pali zinthu zofunika ulimi ndi m'mafakitale. Anthu ankadziwa gudumu woumba mbiya, iwo anachita mbale wamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ankagwiritsidwanso kwambiri kuyambira kuluka, akatswiri zina kupeza kuda nsalu osiyana pa katundu wa m'nyumba ndi moyo kunyumba.

ziwiya za kukhitchini

ayenera kunena za zadothi, monga pa duffel zovuta, akatswiri zambiri kusiyanitsa chikhalidwe. Population review nthawi zotsimikizira zosiyanasiyana zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku, koma anapezazo imadziwika ziwiya, chokongoletsedwa kapena mizere yopingasa, kapena masikono zina ndi grooves mpumulo pang'ono. Pakati anapezazo ndi chidwi Black Sea amphora ndi krasnoglinyanoy ndi krasnolakovoy mbale analenga ndi kunja ku zokambirana a zigawo Roma. Zamgululi zopangidwa dongo akhakula zimapezeka zambiri mu outbuildings.

zakale ena

Zitsulo Chernyakhov chikhalidwe - ndi makamaka chitsulo. Anthu anatha pokonza ndi miyala, mwachionekere, osati popanda chikoka cha luso Roma. Komabe, anapeza zankhondo si kwambiri: chiri makamaka arrowheads, mikondo, malupanga gawo.

Payokha, izo ziyenera kunenedwa za chuma. Pa gawo la chikhalidwe zopezeka zambiri ndalama za Roma Ndalama kumadzulo wa Dniester - mkuwa, kum'mawa - siliva. Ndipo otsiriza ndinapeza kwambiri mu chuma, koma akatswiri afika ponena kuti ndalama ntchito malonda, pamene zosowa m'deralo anagwiritsidwa ntchito tsintho. Pasanathe zofanana ndalama Bosporan Ndalama.

duffel zovuta

Mwa zakale anapeza wambirimbiri zodzikongoletsera Mwachitsanzo, kudziwa zambiri zokometsera zomanga, mikanda, buckles, zisa. Zinthu za ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku ndi mipeni, nkhwangwa, chimathandiza. Nthawi zina zinthu asilikali, koma iwo ali ochepa. Kuliganizira malupanga, daggers, mikondo. Payokha, ayenera akunena apa za apeza choyambirira - kalendala fano chotengeracho. Iwo ali mawonekedwe chonse, ndi pansi mwezi uliwonse - chithunzi chogwirizana naye.

zotengera

Choncho, chikhalidwe Chernyakhov, chithunzi cha zipilala zimene zili m'nkhani ino, ankasiyana mlingo mokwanira mkulu wa chitukuko mu muzochitika za chuma ndi malonda. Payokha, izo ziyenera kunenedwa za cholinga cha ziwiya mwambo: ena kalendala izi chithunzi anapeza. Komanso, pali anapeza glassware. Zipangizo kupanga anali katswiri Aroma m'zaka AD choyamba ndi kupita ku kuganizira chikhalidwe anthu. Nthawi zambiri, ziwiya ndi dzira woboola pakati chikasu kapena Kamaoneka mtundu.

ethnography

Chernyakhovskaya chikhalidwe, monga tatchulazi, anali adzakhale mu kapangidwe kake yosiyanasiyana. Ichi ndi chifukwa utuluke kusamuka zimene zinachitika pa Ulaya nthawi zogwirizana. Choncho, olemba mbiri apeza angapo chigawo ethnographic mu kapangidwe kake: Germany, Sarmatian-Msukuti, Asilavo. Woyamba ukufanizidwa ndi manda bayinare, nyumba yaikulu komanso nyumba, komanso ziwiya zadothi wapadera velbarskogo mtundu. zizindikiro izi zikusonyeza kuti pafupifupi onse m'dera la kufalitsa chikhalidwe.

Mtundu wachiwiri ukufanizidwa ethnographic nyumba miyala ikuluikulu, nyumba Mipikisano m'chipinda chapadera manda mwambo, pamene anaika nyama mmanda ndi mpeni munakhala mu izo, zidutswa choko kapena utoto. Kwenikweni manda ikuchitika maenje podboynyh kapena mphanga. Komanso am'derali amakhala ndi mwapadera cookware - miphika ndi khosi kuwonjezera oposa. gulu apeza makamaka anaikira mu North kwa Black Sea, kokhala ndi anthu awa.

Pomaliza, Asilavo gulu la zakale umaimiridwa ndi tinyumba ta yaing'ono lalikulu ndi zambiri maenje banja. Kudera limeneli amakhala ndi pakalibe n'chodabwitsa lalikulu, komanso pamaso pa miphika makamaka stucco. Main malo yogawa - Dniester, amenenso kusanduka ena Asilavo chikhalidwe Kiev, Przeworsk. Osiyana Penkovsky ndi chikhalidwe Asilavo ali allocated OM Prihodnyuk. Chernyakhovskaya chikhalidwe kumuyandikira adjoined, ngakhale kuti asayansi amanena kuti analibe zochita zikuluzikulu chitukuko cha zinthu Asilavo, chifukwa anali kwambiri multiethnic.

mavuto a Kuwerengera

Mogwirizana ndi mbali pamwamba a sayansi, pali mavuto chibwenzi ndi mibadwo ya chikhalidwe. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti anapezazo alibe nthawi kulola kudalirika wokwanira monga zakale ake m'ma ina. Komanso, m'dera anapatsidwa zambiri katundu, makamaka chiyambi Roma, pansi amene chikoka anadwala. Choncho, zoyenerera ndi njira chibwenzi ndi maliro.

mbali khalidwe

Choncho, chikhalidwe wofanana ndi zosiyanasiyana anapezazo, ponena kuti mapangidwe ake panafika pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti zinali m'dera la mphamvu ya Chiroma. provincialism ake, ndithudi chinathandiza mkulu mlingo wa chikhalidwe, ndipo nawonso, anakhudza zikamera wa umisiri kwambiri kufika m'chigawo. Akatswiri ena amanena Dacian chikoka mu dera limeneli.

Kugwirizana kwa Zikhalidwe zina

Chernyakhovsky nthawi inali siteji zofunika chitukuko cha Asilavo akale. Komabe, pa nthawiyi iwo anali kukumana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina, kotero chikhalidwe chizathandiza pang'ono chabe ankamangidwanso Asilavo kalekale. Koma zochita ndipo nayenso, iye kwakhudza zikhalidwe zina zimene amafotokozera Asilavo anali kutchulidwa: Przeworsk, kolochinskoy, Kiev.

akamaliza

Cultural makhalidwe otayirira chifukwa yoweyula wina kusamuka kuti anagwedeza Ulaya. nthawi iyi, panali Kusamuka kwa pankhondo woyendayendawu Huns. Izi zachititsa kuti outflow ya mbali yaikulu ya anthu kumadzulo, ngati pali zolembedwa mbiri. Komabe, mu nkhalango-steppe ndi steppe mabacteria anali magulu ena amene anali pansi pa Huns. Koma kumpoto-kum'mawa nthawi yapitayi chikhalidwe Chernyakhov, kenako chinachitikira naye pa nthawi, anapitiriza alipo ena Asilavo chikhalidwe - Kiev. kuda ake bwino anapulumutsidwa. Ofukula kupeza manda, nyumba, katundu wa m'nyumba ndiponso chuma.

mtengo

Chernyakhovsky nthawi chitukuko n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa ndi limodzi mwa magawo yoyamba m'mbiri ya oyambirira Asilavo. Limafotokoza ndithu Kupititsa danga lalikulu, kuphatikizapo angapo a zigawo za dziko lathu: Belgorod ndi Kursk. Komabe, iye ali ndi mwayi mbiri ya anthu ena ankaona nthawi: a ku Germany, Aselote, Asukuti ndi ena. Komanso nthawi ino ali zizindikiro zoonekeratu Roma mochedwa, Black Sea zinthu zimene zimathandiza kufufuza magawo ina ya chitukuko cha madera awa. Choncho, anafotokoza m'nkhani Culture mwakhama kuphunzira pamaso pa kuukira boma, mu Soviet Union, kuwunika ulipobe. Chernyakhovsky nyumba ya chikhalidwe Mwachitsanzo, nthawi akuchita ntchito kwa kuteteza anthu chikhalidwe ndi miyambo yawo, amene ayenera kuthandiza chidwi mu masiku amakedzana.