M'mabwinja chikhalidwe Russian

chikhalidwe m'mabwinja ndi mndandanda wa zinthu zakale za malo makamaka komanso nthawi. Dzinali iye analandira pa maziko a zinthu zapadera chokongoletsera ntchito pa gawo anapatsidwa. Mawu akuti "chikhalidwe" mu zinthu zofukulidwa ndi wosiyana pang'ono kwa tanthauzo ambiri amavomereza. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati anapeza asayansi kupereka lingaliro la mtundu wanji wa anthu moyo anali ochepa zaka zikwi zapitazo.

M'mabwinja Russian chikhalidwe zikuphatikizapo magawo angapo a chitukuko. Aliyense wa iwo amapatsirana wina ndi mzake. Popeza kuti malire a dziko ndi mwachilungamo lalikulu, nthawi yomweyo izo zikanakhoza kukhala mafuko za thupi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, kutsogolera si makhalidwe omwewo.

Culture srednekamennogo m'zaka

Chinthu choterocho monga chikhalidwe Mesolithic pofukula, zoona, palibe. Panthawi imeneyi Mafuko ogawanika pakati pawo. Anthu akhala akuyesera kuti apulumuke, ndipo panalibe kusiyana mu momwe iwo ankachitira izo. Wina pang'onopang'ono anayamba ulimi kumapeto, munthu anapitiriza kuti azisaka, ndi ena kuweta nyama zakutchire, anapereka mayendedwe ku ulimi wamakono nyama. Komabe, nthawi ino angathe likhale, popeza iye ndiye maziko mapangidwe yambiri.

Pa nthawi imeneyi, panali mitundu woyamba chikhalidwe ofukula zinthu zakale. Asayansi ndi ofukula amakhulupirira kuti ayenera anapambulwa mwamsanga. Koma chiyambi cha anaikidwa. Fuko lililonse pakati pa abale awo akale, anapatulidwa pa malo osiyanasiyana, kaya ndi moyo, ndi mbali mtundu wa nkhani kapena Mwachitsanzo, njira m'manda a makolo akufa. Koma gawo mu funso Mulimonsemo sangathe saganizira, chifukwa phunziro kudzakuthandizani kuyankha mafunso okhudza pakutchulidwa mbewu wotsatira.

Tripolskaya chitukuko

Tripolskaya chikhalidwe pofukula inalembedwa kale Eneolithic (5-2 BC Zakachikwi. E.). Dzina limeneli ndi kumene manda woyamba anapezeka. Izo zinachitika m'mudzi Trypillya.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu zaka za zana la 18 pa dera la Romania, anachititsa zofukulidwa imene chikhalidwe Cucuteni anatulukira. Dzinali komanso tinatsiriza m'mudzi, pafupi zomwe anapeza zakale zokhudzana ndi izo. Poyamba ankaganiza kuti zikhalidwe ziwiri izi zimasiyana. Izo sizinali mpaka bola asayansi anayerekezera zinthu zopezeka ndi zipilala. Kunapezeka kuti kukutentsy ndi tripoltsy - anthu omwewo.

The anazipeza asiya asayansi kunena kuti ankaona chikhalidwe pofukula inali yaikulu pa dera la Russia ndi Europe, anthu ake pa nsonga ya kuposa anthu 15 sauzande.

Monga moyo wa chitukuko ichi, izo zinachitika chimodzimodzi monga mu malo ena pa Age Stone. Chakumapeto kwa nthawi anthu anayamba kufufuza dongo, tsopano osati ntchito zolinga za m'banja, komanso zokongoletsera. Kuyambira zinabala Tiziboliboli ndi mankhwala ena mbiya.

dolmens

Dolmen chikhalidwe pofukula si makamaka zimakhudzira pa chitukuko cha mafuko, yomwe ili m'dera la Russia ano. Izo zinayambira mu India kuzungulira 10 Zakachikwi BC. e., koma anthu ulendo wawo chakumadzulo patapita nthawi yaitali. Izi zidachitika 3 Zakachikwi BC. e., dolmens ndiye kugawidwa m'magulu awiri. Choyamba ndinapita ku mbali ya Caucasus, wachiwiri - mu Africa, makamaka ku Igupto. Pa gawo la Russia kuti nthaŵi imeneyo chogwidwa ndi chitukuko china, kotero mafuko anatha yekha yothandizana cholowa chikhalidwe. Koma chitukuko Egypt, apa ndi pamene iwo anatha bwinobwino lotseguka.

Dzina la chikhalidwe pofukula kuwapeza chinenero Chiburetoni, ndipo limatanthauza "mwala tebulo". Ngakhale kuti kukopa kwake pa malo Asilavo sanali mkulu, ndende yaikulu ya zipilala lili Black Sea gombe m'dera Krasnodar. Zikuoneka kuti malo ena chabe sanakhale ndi moyo masiku ano.

Mu dolmens anapezeka kuchuluka kwa mwala ndi mkuwa mankhwala, zipangizo ntchito osati kwa kupanga zida ndi kusaka, komanso zodzikongoletsera. Ambiri a iwo apezeka mwachindunji m'manda. Iwo, poyamba, amatchedwanso dolmens, monga mafuko. malo awa manda anali ofanana mapiramidi Iguputo. Akatswiri ambiri amavomereza kuti n'kutheka kuti ena mwa dolmens anali anaimika zolinga achipembedzo kapena chikhalidwe, osati maliro. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti nyumba okha zambiri ndi zaka kuposa zimene zimapezeka mitembo yawo. Choncho, zikuoneka kuti ndi dolmen chitukuko anaika maziko a mapiramidi, amene anasunga ndipo amalemekezedwa ambiri lero.

mandawo chikhalidwe

Mandawo archeological chikhalidwe anafika ku gawo Asilavo kum'mawa, icho poyamba anapeza m'nthawi ya 19. zikamera ndi maluŵa tsiku pa nthawi oyambirira zamkuwa. Magwero ena amanena kuti maonekedwe a mafuko mandawo zambiri lolunjika pa Mkuwa Age. Mawu, kuti musankhe tsiku lenileni la chikhalidwe mpaka analephera.

Mafuko osati patsogolo kupitirira malire European, kotero zimakhudza awo pa chitukuko cha chitukuko oyandikana ndi kokha zachiphamaso. Dzina la chikhalidwe pofukula akamagwira njira m'manda, adali ndi ndalama yaikulu kusiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati Tikayerekeza mandawo ndi yamnye mafuko, ndiye maliro chatha zinali zokwanira kukumba dzenje yaing'ono. Kuya kwa anaikidwako woyamba unali pa msinkhu wa mamita 3-5. Komanso, n'chodabwitsa awa zambiri nthambi angapo, iwo n'kulowa mbali kapena chabe. Akukhulupirira kuti mphanga izi anakwiriridwa kapena anthu a m'banja limodzi kapena udindo kapena udindo.

mafuko zipangizo mandawo komanso wokongola osiyana kwambiri. Choyamba, iwo pafupifupi analibe lathyathyathya pansi. Komabe, izi zingathe kufotokozedwa chifukwa chakuti mafuko chiyani asanazindikire onse a mayiko kupanga kapena iwo analibe mwayi amenewa. Kachiwiri, mbale onse anali kuvundikira squat. Ngakhale ngati inu kukatenga mtsuko, ndiye kutalika kwake - ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Panadzakhalanso chokongoletsera achikale. Monga mafuko onse a nthawi, kuti zinachitikadi mothandizidwa ndi zidindo chingwe. Adadzikometsera wokha kumtunda kwa mankhwala.

mfuti anali opangidwa makamaka a pakachitsulo. Nkhanizi anamugwiritsa ntchito yopanga arrowheads, mipeni, daggers ndi zina zotero. Ena aluso mu mafuko ntchito nkhuni yopanga mbiya. Mkuwa ntchito kokha kwa kupanga zibangili.

Russian Culture wa Mkuwa Age

Mwatsoka, chikhalidwe zofukula m'mabwinja za Mkuwa Age mu Russia analephera kufika pachimake apamwamba, koma chitukuko chonse sangaunyalanyaze nthawi lonse. Ming'oma ku 4-3 Zakachikwi BC. e. Ku Russia pa nthawi imeneyo chinkhoswe mu ulimi. Mbali yaikulu chogwidwa ndi chithandizo nkhalango, koma pang'onopang'ono anthu anayamba kulima dziko zochepa chonde.

Pali kulumpha yaing'ono pomanga nyumba. Ngati midzi kale anamangidwira yomanga nyumba yekha mu zigwa, koma tsopano iwo ikuyenda kumapiri. Komanso amayamba wosazindikira kulimbitsa nyumba.

Kumayambiriro Mkuwa Age chikhalidwe pofukula losiyana Maikop midzi. Kenako ogaŵikana maofesi osiyanasiyana. The yaikulu pa madera wotanganidwa ndi nyama ndi chikhalidwe Andronovo.

Maikop chikhalidwe

Maikopskaya chikhalidwe pofukula unalembedwa zaka mkuwa oyambirira, izo zinali bwanji mu 3 Zakachikwi BC. e. mu North Caucasus. Wa zipilala anapezeka ndi zakale, tinganene kuti anthu ankachita nawo kuswana ng'ombe ndi ulimi. Culture unachokera mu kumpoto, kumadzulo, ndi ku likulu la Caucasus. Chinthu chapadera cha mafuko ndi chachikale chinkawavuta kupanga zipangizo ndi katundu wa m'nyumba. Komabe, ngakhale kuti tione chakale mankhwala awa, chitukuko pang'onopang'ono anayamba. Komanso, zili zosatheka wolephera ena amakono zambiri kuti zipangizo nthawi.

Komanso, kuthokoza kwa zokumbidwa pansi, tinganene kuti Maikop pofukula chikhalidwe pa chimake sananene osiyana Kupititsa kokha North Caucasus. Pali kuda mu Chechnya, pa Taman Peninsula, ku Dagestan ndi Georgia. Mwa njira, m'malire a m'madera amenewa ndi zikhalidwe ziwiri zosiyana (Kura-Araxes ndi Maikop) zimapezeka, pali interlacing iwo. Pamaso anapezazo malire, asayansi ankaganiza kuti nthawiyi funso zinachitika pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo pamene mafotokozedwe zomveka za kusanganikirana chikhalidwe si.

nyama chikhalidwe

Mtembo pofukula chikhalidwe TH pachibwenzi 2-1 zaka BC. e. Dera la mafuko ankaona m'malo waukulu, unafalikira ku malo Dnieper kuti Urals, kuchokera Kama kuti kugombe la Black ndi Caspian Pacific. Dzina limeneli chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nyumba chipika. Sanakhale opanda chidwi ndi maliro miyambo, malo manda, pamwamba zomwe kawirikawiri anamangidwira chipika cabins.

midzi mafuko inali mwachindunji m'mbali mwa mtsinje, kawirikawiri pa masitepe capes. Nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsidwa ndi ngalande ndi makoma. Sitikudziwa kulimbikitsa dongosolo, koma ndi chabwino chitetezo kunja kuti sayenera kuchita. Monga tanenera, nyumba zonse zinali za matabwa, nthawi zina wodzilemekeza ndi kumanga zosakaniza dothi.

Mtembo chikhalidwe pofukula anaima, mofanana ndi anthu ena ambiri, mwa njira m'manda. Mosiyana akalambula ake, mafuko anapita womwalirayo munthu, manda misa n'zochepa kwambiri. Maliro magulu mu malo amodzi 10-15 embankments. Pali mbali khalidwe la malo akufa - kumbali yake, mutu kumbali ya kumpoto. Ena maliro zikuphatikizapo unachita kutenthedwa akufa ndi dismembered. Izi zikhoza kukhala mwina atsogoleri a mafuko kapena adaniwo.

Mu wandiweyani lathyathyathya-bottomed cookware ntchito pamene chikhalidwe nyama. Poyamba anayesa kukongoletsa chokongoletsera. Anachitira miphika mwachizolowezi kapena muli. Ngati panali chitsanzo, zinali yosalala kapena imodzi. Mbali wamba mu mbale aliyense zokongoletsa - ndi predominance mitundu zojambula. Kawirikawiri atawona zizindikiro zachilendo, zomwe ofufuza ambiri amanena kuti kulemba achikale.

Poyamba, mfuti zonse zinalengedwa mwa mwala ndi mkuwa koma pa siteji mochedwa chikondwerero chitsulo Kuwonjezera. ntchito zachuma anali ng'ombe, koma ndi ambiri ulimi.

Andronovo chikhalidwe

Andronovo chikhalidwe pofukula zichokela dzina la malo amene apeza woyamba akugwirizana ndi apezeka. Madeti imeneyi 2-1 Zakachikwi BC. e. mafuko anakhala mozungulira m'mudzi yamakono ya Andronovo (Krasnoyarsk Gawo).

Chinthu chapadera cha chikhalidwe imatengedwa ng'ombe. Anthu ayipanga nkhosa zoyera stockinged, akavalo Hardy ndi ng'ombe-heavyweights. Ndi nyama zimenezi, iwo anatha kukhala mofulumira. Ena amanena kuti Androns anapita ku India namanga zoyambira za chitukuko wake.

Androns poyamba ankakhala Urals, kenako anasamukira ku Siberia kumene ena mwa iwo anapitiriza ulendo wawo malangizo a Kazakhstan. Pakadali pano, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa anapezazo osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zakale, akatswiri sangathe kudziwa chifukwa mafuko anaganiza chotero kusamuka zikuluzikulu.

Ngati Tikayerekeza chikhalidwe onse zofukula m'mabwinja a Russia tikukhala mu Mkuwa Age, ndi Androns kukhala nkhondowo kwambiri. Iwo analenga galeta ndipo zingatigwere pa asilikali kapena ngakhale zonse kunachitika midzi mofulumira kuposa aliyense. Zinali mwina ichi anafotokoza kusamuka, chifukwa chofunafuna iwo anali kuyesera kupeza malo bwino kwambiri kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Ndipo ngati inu mukuyenera - ndi kupambana iwo.

Dzenje Manda Culture

Kumapeto kwa Mkuwa Age amabwera mu mphamvu Yamnaya chikhalidwe ofukula zinthu zakale. Pa gawo la Russia ankaona mafuko akubwera kuchokera kummawa, ndi mbali kanukanu - ndi ng'ombe oyambirira. anthu ambiri ayamba kukhala ndi ulimi, monga yomweyo anthuwo kuti kuswana nyama. Dzina la chikhalidwe chifukwa maenje m'manda. Iwo anali yosavuta wosazindikira, koma awo ndi wolemekezeka.

Pa nthawi imeneyi Yamnaya chikhalidwe pofukula ndiyo kuphunzira. N'chodabwitsa ili pa nsonga malo okwera, anayesa mmene ndingathere kuchotsa mtsinje. Zikuoneka kuti kamodzi kuthetsa anakhala ndi madzi pa vutoli, anthu akhala yolondola. Kawirikawiri wapezeka kuikidwa mwachindunji pafupi mitsinje. manda onse anaiika pamodzi ndithudi, m'magulu ang'onoang'ono (pafupifupi 5 imfa). Mtunda ku malo amodzi kuikidwa kwa wina zikhoza kukhala zosiyana kwambiri, kuchokera mamita 50 mpaka 500.

Zipangizo zoyendera magetsi yamnye mafuko anapangidwa kuchokera ku dothi. Monga m'nyengo mmbuyo, anali lathyathyathya-bottomed ziwiya zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Panali amphorae yaikulu, amene amati kusungidwa mbewu ndi zakumwa, komanso miphika yaing'ono. pa mbale yambiri ntchito ndi zingwe amphamvu, ndi maganizo awo olakwika anali maonekedwe lonse.

Yopangidwa kuchokera ku arrowheads mwala, nkhwangwa ndi zipangizo zina. Tikumbukenso kuti dzenje anakumba mwa munthu osati pamanja analenga wosazindikira zinalili kuboola zomwe kulemera pansi ndi thandizo la miyala, ngati dziko anali wolimba.

Mafuko ntchito popanga za mtengo ndi iwo anachita wokongola chipangizo cha matabwa ake nthawi. Zinali machira, sleds, maboti ndi ngolo yaing'ono.

Mu phunziro, ofufuza onse anaona adzadziwire dzenje chikhalidwe mafuko kusamala kuti matupi a akufa, kotero iwo analembedwa osati chuma komanso zinthu zauzimu. Komanso, anthu awa kukodzedwa chikoka awo m'midzi yapafupi.

Zikuoneka kuti galeta poyamba anapanga osati zolinga aukali. Androns chifukwa, monga zikhalidwe zina zambiri, anali pastoralists, monga makina achikale ankayenera kuwathandiza nyama odyetserako. Kenako mafuko anapeza magaleta zokolola mu dera asilikali, kuposa nthawi yomweyo ntchito.

Imenkov chikhalidwe

Imenkov chikhalidwe pofukula kunayamba oyambirira Ages Middle (4-7 m'ma TH). Inali pa malire a makono Tatarstan, Samara ndi Ulyanovsk zigawo. Komanso, pali limasonyeza majini ndi zikhalidwe zina, zomwe zinali m'dera.

Kamodzi m'dera la chikhalidwe anafika Bulgars, Imenkovs ambiri anapita kumadzulo. Patapita nthawi anasamukira ku gawo latsopano chitukuko - anayambitsa Volyntsevo anthu. Yotsala ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi anthu, ndipo potsirizira pake anataya zonse kudzikundikira chawo ndi chidziwitso.

Imenkov chikhalidwe yakale malo apadera chitukuko cha anthu Asilavo. Iwo mafuko anayamba kuchita ulimi khasu. Pa ndondomeko imeneyi ntchito mapulawo wosazindikira, amene atathana ferrules. Komanso, mu ndondomeko ya ntchito yosonkhanitsa Imenkovs zokolola komanso ntchito ndi amakono chifukwa kuti zipangizo nthawi - zikwakwa zachitsulo ndi zikwakwa. Kusungiramo mbewu inayang'ana ku dzenje anakumba mu Pantry, mofananira kosungira ano. Akupera yokolola zinachitika pa mphero mu Baibulo Buku.

Imenkovs kutukuka kwambiri, osati mwa mafuko awo. Iwo anali zokambirana kumene zitsulo anasungunuka ncho, ena mwa zipinda mwapadera kwa amisiri. Akhoza kupanga mbale, kapena nsonga kwa makasu, monga anangwape. The kulimbikitsa wa mafuko anayenera m'midzi yapafupi, kupereka nzeru, malonda luso, ulimi ndi nyama husbandry. Choncho, munthu sayenera kuchepetsa chikhalidwe cholowa Imenkovs osati Russia, koma mayiko komanso wapafupi.

Monga mukuonera, ambiri a chikhalidwe zofukula m'mabwinja za Asilavo anabwera ndi gawo la Russia amakono a kum'mawa kapena kumadzulo. Mbali yoyamba, anthu aphunzira njira yatsopano ndi makhalidwe a ulimi, luso ulimi nyama katswiri. mitundu Western anathandizanso mu chitukuko cha zida kusaka ndi magalimoto nkhondo. Chinthu chimodzi chili - lililonse chikhalidwe chatsopano wapanga chopereka chachikulu kwa onse patsogolo maganizo a anthu wonse, ziribe kanthu mtundu wanji wa luso mwapatsidwa.