Khazars - ndi kwa anthu? Zakale ndi zamakono Khazars. Mbadwa za Khazars

Ancient ndi akale mbiri ya anthu akugwirizira zinsinsi zambiri. Ngakhale pa mlingo panopa luso mu kuphunzira kwambiri nkhani akadali alipo woyera mawanga.

Amene anali Khazars? Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ntchito zimenezo popanda yankho lomveka bwino. Tikudziwa zochepa za iwo, koma ngakhale Tisonkhanitse kutchulidwa zonse zilipo za fuko lino, kumakhaladi mafunso kwambiri.

Tiyeni tidziwe bwino kwambiri ndi anthu awa chidwi.

ndi Khazars ndi amene

Izi fuko - ndi Khazars - anatchula magwero Chinese ngati gawo la anthu a ufumuwo chachikulu cha Huns. Akatswiri anatsogolera malingaliro angapo za chiyambi cha ethnonym ndi dziko makolo wa Khazars.

Tiyeni choyamba kuthana ndi dzina. Muzu wa "mbuzi" m'zinenero zambiri a ku Central Asia ndi mndandanda wa mawu zokhudza nomadism. Baibulo Zikuoneka kuti kapepalako kali kwambiri, chifukwa ena onse motere. Chifasi "Khazars" amatanthauza "chikwi", Aroma anatcha Mfumu Kaisara, ndi Turkey kumvetsa ndi mawu maganizo.

Makolo kunyumba akuyesera kudziwa pa mbiri oyambirira, omwe kutchula Khazars. Kodi makolo awo amakhala, amene anali pafupi ndi khomo anzathu? Palibe yankho yotsimikizika mpaka tsopano.

Pali chiphunzitso atatu ofanana. Woyamba amaona makolo awo Uighurs, wachiwiri - pa Hun mafuko Akatsirs, ndi chachitatu timakonda kukhulupirira kuti Hazaras - mbadwa za mafuko mgwirizano Ogur ndi Savirs.

Ngati kapena ayi, ndi wovuta kuyankha. Chinthu chimodzi chili bwino. Magwero a Khazars ndi chiyambi cha kuwonjezedwa awo kumadzulo chifukwa dziko limene iwo anamutcha Barsils.

Tchulani magwero olembedwa

Tikaona mfundo zolemba chi, aponso, izo likukhalira chisokonezo.

Pa dzanja limodzi, magwero alipo ananena kuti ndi Khazar Khanate anali wamphamvu ufumu. Pa ena - amene Akamva zokhudza kuti uli mu zolemba za apaulendo, kungakhale m'pang'ono zikusonyezera.

Gwero wopambana kwambiri, kumene kumasonyeza zinthu pa dziko, imatengedwa Hagan makalata ndi Spanish wolemekezeka Hasdai Ibn Shaprut. Amayankhulana mu kulemba pa nkhani ya Chiyuda. Msipanishi anali nthumwi, amene ali ndi chidwi mu ufumu Ayuda amene analipo, malinga ndi amalonda, pafupi ndi Nyanja Caspian.

Mu atatu makalata muli nthano za komwe anapita Khazars wakale - mwachidule za m'midzi, zandale, ndi mmene chuma chikuyendera.
zina, monga macitidwe Russian, Arabic, Persian ndi maumboni ena ambiri kufotokoza yekha zimayambitsa, ndithudi ndi zotsatira za mikangano m'dera asilikali ku malire.

Zintchito za Khazars

Kagan Iosif m'kalata yake anati, pamene pakhala Khazars, pamene mafuko awa kuposa kuchita moyo. Tiyeni tione mu kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane.

Tsopano, ufumu anawonjezera nthawi imene wamkulu chuma cha Kumwera Bug Mtsinje Aral Sea ndi Caucasus Mountains ku Volga pafupi ndi kumpoto kwa mzinda wa Murom.

Mderali tinkakhala madzindza mazinji. Nkhalango ndi nkhalango madera kufalitsa chinakhazikitsidwa njira ya ulimi mu steppe la - woyendayendawu. Komanso, pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Caspian wakhala kwambiri ya mpesa.

Mzinda waukulu omwe akunena Hagan mu kalata yake, anali motere. Capital - Itil, izo zinali mu malire m'munsi wa Volga. Sarkel (rusichi anawatcha iwo White Vezhey) ili pa Don, ndi Samandar ndi Belenjer - pa gombe la nyanja Caspian.

Tauka Kaganate lidzayamba pambuyo pa imfa ya ufumu Turkic pakati chiwiri m'ma AD. Ndi nthawi iyi, Khazar makolo ankakhala m'dera la Derbent masiku ano Dagestan zigwa. Choncho patsogolo kumpoto, kumadzulo, ndi kummwera.

Pambuyo pa adani a Crimea Khazars anakhazikika m'dera limeneli. Iye anazindikiritsidwa ndi ethnonym motalika kwambiri. Ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi Genoese otchulidwa chilumba monga "Gazara".

Choncho, Khazars - mgwirizano wa mafuko Turkic, amene anatha kulenga boma wongosamukasamuka kwambiri cholimba mu mbiri.

zikhulupiriro kaganate

Chifukwa chakuti unali pa mphambano ya njira zamalonda, zikhalidwe ndi zipembedzo, izo zakhala ngati Babulo akale.

Monga anthu ambiri Khanate anali anthu Turkic, ambiri ankalambira Tengri Khan. Chikhulupiriro chimenechi anasunga ku Central Asia.

Mukudziwa Kaganate Chiyuda, kotero chimaonedwabe kuti Khazars - Ayuda. Komabe, zimenezi si zoona kwathunthu, chifukwa chipembedzo odzitcha okha wosanjikiza ochepa a anthu.

Komanso mu boma iwo zinali ndi Akristu ndi Asilamu. Chifukwa cha kampeni zinalephereka motsutsa pokhapokhapo Arab pa zaka lotsiriza la Khanate, Islam afika ufulu mu ufumuwo.

Koma chifukwa amakana kukhulupirira kuti Khazars - ndiwo Ayuda? Chifukwa nthawi zambiri ndi nthano, anafotokoza m'kalata yake yopita kwa Joseph. Iye akuuza Hasdai kuti Orthodox ndipo tinaitanidwa kuti kusankha chipembedzo cha boma Catholic wansembe ndi mphunzitsi. Yotsirizira onsene kukangana ndi kutsimikizira Hagan ndi anamuperekeza wake wolungama.

Nkhondo ndi anansi

Maulendo kwa Khazars mokwanira zambiri anafotokoza m'mbiri ya Russian ndi Arab timva asilikali. Caliphate anamenyera chikoka mu Caucasus, ndi Asilavo, pa dzanja limodzi, kutsutsidwa ndi amalonda kum'mwera, kufunkha midzi, pa zina - kulimbikitsa malire a kummawa.

Kalonga choyamba, amene anamenyana ndi Khazar Khanate anali Aulosi Oleg. Iye anali wokhoza kuti asalalikire ena a m'dzikoli ndi akhaapatisa kupereka msonkho kwa eni osati Khazars.

More chidwi zokhudza kuyenda Sviatoslav, mwana wa Igor ndi Olga. Iye, pokhala wankhondo aluso ndi mtsogoleri wanzeru, anagwiritsa ntchito kufooka kwa ufumuwo ndi anakanthanso onongani kwa iye.

Iye anasonkhanitsa asilikali pansi Volga natenga Itil. Kenako Sarkel anagwidwa pa Don ndi Samandar pa Caspian gombe. Izi kuwonjezeka mwadzidzidzi ndi amphamvu kwasakazitsa kamodzi ufumu wamphamvu.

Pambuyo pake, Svyatoslav anayamba wotetezedwa ku dera limeneli. Linga inamangidwa pa malo a White Tower Sarkel umene msonkho vyatichi - fuko M'mphepete mbali imodzi ndi Russia pa zina - ndi Khazars.

Mfundo zosangalatsa ndi amene, chifukwa cha ndewu akuoneka onse ndi nkhondo Kiev kwa nthawi yaitali anaima kumuwombera Khazar mercenaries. Mu "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" amatchulidwa thirakiti Kozara ku likulu la Russia. Inali pafupi confluence wa Dnieper Mtsinje Pochaina.

anachita pamene mtundu wonse

Kugonjetsedwa, kumene, zimakhudza anthu, koma n'zochititsa chidwi kuti atagonjetsedwa wa Asilavo m'mizinda ikuluikulu Kaganate zokhudza anthu awa kutha. Iwo sanena liwu limodzi mu mbiri iliyonse.

Yankho kwambiri Nkosatheka ofufuza funso amaona zotsatirazi. Monga Turkic fuko la Khazars adakhoza kuphunzira ndi oyandikana nawo pa dera la Caspian.

Masiku ano, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti misa yaikulu ya yothetsera mu dera, ena anatsala ku Crimea, ndi wolemekezeka kwambiri mwa Khazars anasamukira ku Ulaya Central. Ankatha kulumikizana ndi madera achiyuda pa dera la Poland ano, Hungary, Western Ukraine.

Choncho, mabanja ndi mizu Ayuda ndi makolo m'dziko lino, mwanjira ina kudzitchula "ana a Khazars."

Kuda mu Archaeology

Ofukula kunena mosapita m'mbali kuti Khazars - ndi saltovo-mayaki. Iwo mu 1927 allocated Gauthier. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kampani amagwira zafukulidwa ndi kafukufuku.
Dzina la chikhalidwe chifukwa choti kufanana kwa anapezazo pa zipilala ziwiri.

The choyamba - m'dera dera Upper Saltov Kharkiv, ndipo chachiwiri - Mayaki kuthetsa m'dera Voronezh.

Mfundo anapezazo akugwirizanira ndi mfunda wa Alans amene ankakhala m'dera limeneli kwa chitatu m'ma chakhumi. Komabe, mizu ya anthu awa ali mu North Caucasus, choncho amalankhulira mwachindunji ndi Khazar Khanate.

Akatswiri nawo anapezazo pa mitundu iwiri ya maliro. Forest njira - Alanian ndi steppe - Chibugariya, kuphatikizapo Khazars.

ana zotheka

Mbadwa za Khazars - timadontho wina woyera anthu a phunziroli. vuto lagona pa choona kuti tifufuza kusintha kuli kovuta.

Saltovo-mayaki monga molondola kusonyeza moyo wa Alans ndi Bulgars. The Khazars ndiwo anawerengedwa mwa makonzedwe, monga zipilala zawo ndi ochepa kwambiri. Ndipotu, iwo ali mwachisawawa. Olembedwa m'mabuku monga "chete" pambuyo pa ndawala Svyatoslav. Choncho ndikofunikira kudalira kungoganizira anzake a zakale akatswiri a zinenero ndi Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe.

Pakali pano, mbadwa zambiri za Khazars - Kumyks. Ndi Turkic olankhula anthu a North Caucasus. Kumaphatikizaponso gawo Karaites, Krymchaks ndi Judaize phiri mafuko a Caucasus.

zotsalira youma

Choncho, m'nkhani ino tinakambirana za tsogolo la anthu amenewa chidwi ngati Khazars. Izi si wina fuko, ndi zoona, chachinsinsi woyera malo mu mbiri akale a m'mayiko Caspian.

Iwo amatchulidwa mu malo ambiri Rousseau, ku Armenia, Aluya. Kagan ndi m'makalata ndi Caliphate wa Cordoba. Aliyense akumvetsa ndi mphamvu ya ufumu umenewu ...
Ndipo mwadzidzidzi - ndi mphezi ndawala Prince Svyatoslav ndi chiwonongeko cha boma.

Iwo likukhalira kuti ufumu wonse kwa nthawi yochepa, osati kutha ndi kumira mu chisokonezeko, kusiya chabe yopeka ana.