Kapangidwe yaikulu muzu, kusintha kwa kwenikweni kapangidwe yachiwiri ya muzu

Limba mobisa wa spore kwambiri apamwamba, gymnosperms ndi zomera maluwa - muzu. Iye koyamba mu Moss ndi kukachita osati ntchito thandizo, komanso amatipatsa Ziwalo zina zonse za zomera ndi madzi ndi kusungunuka mchere salt. Mu gymnosperms ndi angiosperms kupanga muzu waukulu akukula muzu embryonic. Kenako anapanga mizu, kapangidwe ka zosiyana mu monocots ndi dicots. M'nkhani ino tikambirana za pulayimale ndi sekondale muzu anatomical Kapangidwe ka zomera maluwa amene mbewu ndi cotyledons awiri, ndi zitsanzo amasonyeza udindo wa mbewu, zimakhala ndi zinthu structural a mbali mobisa mu kuonetsetsa kugwira ntchito kwa thupi la mbewu.

Muzu embryonic ndi chitukuko

Pa mbewu kumera akufotokozera gawo loyamba la phata anacemerwa germinal msana. Amakhala ndi maselo maphunziro minofu - ndi meristem chachikulu, apical gawo la chimene chimatchedwa pamwamba. Pa gulu mitotic maselo ake constituent popangidwa ndi zofunika Kapangidwe ka muzu, wopangidwa mwa rhizodermis, kotekisi pulayimale ndi yamphamvu ofananira. Tiyeni akukhala pa makhalidwe morphological ndi thupi la nsalu chachikulu maphunziro, yomwe ili pamwamba pa mizu onse embryonic, ndipo mu gawo apical a mizu achinyamata: tambirimbiri lateral ndi chowonjezera. Species dzina lake lomaliza, makamaka opezeka monocots. Kukhala kuchokera pansi pa tsinde la. Choncho ndi pamwamba pa maselo koyamba. Mu citukuko, iwo apanga meristem chachikulu. Pansi wosanjikiza ake akuyamba zosiyanasiyana za nyumba selo wopita ku maonekedwe a kwaiye maphunziro minofu dongosolo anatomic amachititsa muzu chachikulu. mmera kusungidwa mpaka kuoneka meristems sekondale, wotchedwa cambium ndi fellogenom.

Rhizodermis: kapangidwe ndi tanthauzo

Rizoderma kapena rhizodermis ndi ❖ kuyanika wosanjikiza maselo minofu oyenerera pa achinyamata mizu chapakati anakafika therefrom ndi nthambi mbali. Chofunika mbewu ndi gawo la nsalu chivundikiro, amene anakonza mu dera muzu, kuchita mayamwidwe madzi ndi mchere salt. Iwo elongated maselo anapanga rhizodermis muzu tsitsi. cytoplasm awo lili ambiri vacuoles ndi selo khoma ndi woonda kwambiri, popanda cuticle. Rizoderma ndi pa muzu gawo la muzu kapu pamaso zone lateral muzu, wotchedwa conductive. Anapeza kuti udindo wa tsitsi mizu ndi kulemekeza muzu kapu inali pamwamba pa muzu waukulu, m'pang'ono.

Muzu tsitsi ndi udindo wawo mu moyo wa zomera

Poganizira kapangidwe tosaoneka muzu chachikulu, mungaone kuti rizoderma ndilochokera pa wosanjikiza ulemu - dermatogena. Izo, nawonso, aumbike mwa kugawa pamwamba pa maselo chachikulu. zone Suction muzu amakhudzidwa kwambiri kusintha mwadzidzidzi mmene chilengedwe Choncho, chikuku tsitsi mwamsanga kufota. Ichi ndi chifukwa chachikulu mlingo osauka apulumuke mbande, ndipo ngakhale imfa yake. Mu chitukuko maselo nyongolosi akamwalira sloughed rizodermy. Pansi wosanjikiza nsalu zoteteza - exoderm pang'ono kutenga mbali mu mapangidwe zinthu akuwoloka. Chifukwa njira zawo madzi mankhwala mchere ndi tsitsi mizu kulowa yamphamvu olamulira, wa dongosolo yaikulu muzu.

Ndi zizindikiro nsalu conductive imene kukhala pa zotengera ontogeny - ndi trachea ndi machubu sieve ku mnzake-maselo. Osati zomera zonse kupanga dongosolo bwino anayamba wa tsitsi mizu. Mwachitsanzo, chithaphwi ndi mitundu m'madzi ali kwina chifukwa ndi owonjezera madzi mu chilengedwe.

Pulayimale meristem - pericycle

Kapangidwe izi, zomwe ziri mu mawonekedwe a mphete ndi kuphimba yamphamvu chapakati ili pansi rizodermoy. Amakhala ndi ang'ono, mofulumira kugawa maselo a nsalu ya maphunziro komanso chili mwa onse zake ndi herbaceous chomera mitundu kuti kubereka mbewu. mbali zonse za yamphamvu chapakati akufotokozera chifukwa maselo pericycle.

Kapangidwe yoyamba ya muzu wa mtengo bipartite akutsimikiza mfundo kuti totsegulira mbali ndi mizu adventitious mu wosanjikiza kunja kwa nsalu za maphunziro - meristem. Oimira zomera dicotyledonous a m'banja Rosaceae, nyemba, Solanaceae, kenako anatembenukira kwa mitundu yachiwiri, monga phellogen kapena cambium. The chifukwa cha mitotic maselo magawano pericycle Maonekedwe a dongosolo homogeneous ndi ntchito ya embryonic minofu mabacteria tsogolo - periblemy, amene anapanga kuchokera kotekisi pulayimale ndi dermatogena, akulamulira chiyambi cha apical meristem chachikulu.

kotekisi chachikulu

Gawo ili muzu ankaimira makamaka maselo parenchyma. Part chomera minofu pafupi rhizodermis otchedwa exoderm, pakati wosanjikiza wa kotekisi chachikulu - mesoderm. Poganizira kapangidwe yoyamba ya mizu pansi simungathe kutiona, malo amenewa amapezeka wambirimbiri malo intercellular. Iwo akutumikira monga malo makope mpweya ndi carbon dioxide, chotero nawo kuwombola mpweya. Mbali mkati muli magulu selo anakonza mu chingwe zolimba.

Atawonongedwa rhizodermis anaika mbali anabala exoderm, ndiye iwo oprobkovevayut m'dera lateral muzu ndipo kenako kuchita ntchito yake yoteteza. Pambuyo zigawo zonse zitatu za kotekisi wa radially kusuntha mamolekyulu madzi kenako akudalitsidwa zipangizo za yamphamvu chapakati muzu. Malinga ndi iye, chifukwa cha mavuto muzu ndi transpiration, madzi ndi mchere njira anaukitsa tsinde ndi masamba. Komanso, mankhwala organic monga wowuma kapena inulin zingaunjikane ku pulayimale maselo yokhudza kotekisi parenchyma wa mesoderm lapansi.

yamphamvu chapakati

Poganizira kapangidwe tosaoneka muzu yoyamba ya mbewu bipartite, angapezeke dongosolo chotero, monga Pamwalawo pali. Gawo ili ofananira zizindikiro kuchuluka kwa nyumba anatomical kuti achite ntchito ya mankhwala. Iwo amakhala ndi minofu chachikulu - xylem anapanga zinthu conductive, monga zotengera (trachea). Solutions shuga ndi mankhwala ena organic kusuntha kwa masamba ndi mapesi a muzu wa machubu sieve ili mu kotekisi, ndi madzi ndi mchere zinthu ziwiya (tracheas) kubwera kuchokera ku muzu wa ku yamphamvu ofananira ziwalo vegetative zomera.

Cambium mbali chitukuko muzu

The kusintha kwa kwenikweni kapangidwe yachiwiri ya muzu udzachitika pa siteji mmera ndipo limadziwika ndi maonekedwe a nsalu maphunziro - cambium. Imodzi mwa mtundu wake anapanga kuchokera mitolo mtima protomeristemy.

Komanso, pali mbali cheza cambium. Onse a mitundu awa sekondale meristem cambium kuphatikiza mu mphete wamba, chimene chili pakati pa kotekisi ndi yamphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa mitosis yogwira, maselo cambium kupanga zigawo ziwiri za nsalu yachiwiri conductive: mkati mwachindunji kwa Pamwalawo pali - xylem ndi wapotalikira zinayang'ana endoderm - phloem. Chifukwa cha njira tafotokozazi, ndi yamphamvu ofananira wobwezera sekondale dongosolo khalidwe la mizu yonse ya zomera dicotyledonous.

Kodi kusintha zikuchitika mu kotekisi chachikulu

Zikamera wa zimakhala sekondale kuchititsa - xylem ndi phloem amachititsa kusinthika ndi pericycle. maselo ake, nagawira ndi mitosis, kupanga wosanjikiza Nkhata Bay cambium - phellogen, amene nawonso, imagwiritsidwa periderm. Chigawo cha chipinda chake Periclinal akuyamba kugawanitsa, imbaenda ku kudzipatula kwa kotekisi yaikulu yamphamvu ofananira, ndi zina - kutha ake. Tsopano, wosanjikiza kunja kwa muzu sekondale ndi periderm ndi mbali otsala phelloderm ndi pericycle. Monga mukuonera, pa pulayimale ndi sekondale Kapangidwe ka muzu ndi ukasintha osiyana Chrixitu. kusiyana ikukhudzana onse m'madi- ake, kuphatikizapo kotekisi ndi yamphamvu kwambiri. Iwo makamaka noticeable mu dongosolo anatomical wa maphunziro ndi pogona zimakhala. Njira zofunika kwambiri kunachitika mizu mu nyengo ya kukula, tikhoza kuganiza maonekedwe a cambium ndi tsamba yachiwiri nsalu conductive. Zotsatirazi boma mutu, timaona zambiri za iwo.

Pulayimale ndi sekondale Kapangidwe ka muzu

Kusiyana mu kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe ndi ntchito zokhudza thupi la muzu kukula chomera bipartite akhoza akuimira mu tebulo:

Kuwonjezera pa tebulo chidwi kuti sekondale thickening mizu muzu pa dicots anafotokoza ntchito mitotic maselo cambium ndi kukula muzu m'litali amagwirizana ndi kasinthidwe zokwawa za apical meristem ndi muzu kapu maselo kwambiri mu nthaka. Upper chapakati muzu chililaka kulimbikira kwa nthaka mbali olimba chifukwa kuwonjezeka mkulu wa mphamvu, kotero mizu ya mitengo angiosperms pa kumera amatha kulowa ngakhale phula.