Zizindikiro za kusonkhanitsa bowa ndi zinyama. Zipangizo phunziro

Amadziwika kuti kwa nthawi yaitali, asayansi zimachitika bowa ndi zomera. Komabe, kuyesa iwo ku mitundu m'munsi mwa zomera zapangidwa ndi Carl Linnaeus, amene anakayikira gulu ili mu "System ya Nature" wake, ndi kusamala zizindikiro, kubweretsa pamodzi bowa ndi zinyama. Koma mu 70-80s wa atumwi wotsiriza, mugawo ili potsiriza chinachitika. Izi zolengedwa za chilengedwe chifukwa matabwa ake ndi makhalidwe ndi zizindikiro za kubweretsa pamodzi bowa ndi nyama ndi zomera nthawi yomweyo (ziri kulankhula, iwo ali onse). Tiyeni tione ena mwa iwo.

Kufanana ndi zomera

N'chifukwa chiyani asayansi yaitali kuchitira zinthu izi kwa zomera, chifukwa pali zizindikiro bwino kusonkhanitsa bowa ndi zinyama? Ndipo izo zimachitika chifukwa iwo ndi katundu yeniyeni kuti kulola kuti awatengere iwo ku zomera :

• Iwo Mwachitsanzo, sitingathe kusamukira paokha, pafupifupi nthumwi zonse za mdziko nyama. Ngakhale ndithu monga (a mycelium mobisa, kufalitsa, kukhala latsopano gawo lapansi malo, koma gululi akhoza zimachitika kukula zonse).
• Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, bowa, komanso zomera kukula pa moyo wake. Nyama kukula ndi kukula zina ndi kusiya kukula. Kuti kufanana uyu wa bowa ndi nyama zilipo.
• bowa ambiri kubereka spores. Shlyapochnye Mwachitsanzo, amatha kutulutsa mpaka makumi angapo mabiliyoni awiri moyo wake. Komabe, mfundo izi ali makamaka aphedwe. Koma ngati mudzagwa mu chilengedwe yabwino, kubereka kwa ikuchitika. Komanso abwere ndi zomera spore. Ndipo bowa ndi kwanilitse kuti zibalane ndi kugawa mycelium, nthawi zina zambiri maselo ake. Izi zokwanira kuyamba kukhala mycelium latsopano, angathe kupereka moyo matupi atsopano zipatso, mikangano, choncho kwa mbadwa.
• Kudya bowa makamaka ndi mayamwidwe. Ndipo kumathandizanso kuyandikira kwa zomera.

The kusiyana magwero a bowa ndi zomera

Koma asayansi azungu anaulula chakuti bowa ndi zomera ochokera ku nthambi zosiyanasiyana zamoyo zinachita - gulu wamkulu wa zamoyo tosaoneka kuti moyo kamodzi m'nyanja. Choncho, nkukhalabe ziri zosiyana ndi evolutionarily ndi chibadwa.

Pa mlingo ma

Chomera maselo, nyama ndi bowa ndi osiyana mu dongosolo. Mu bowa palibe luso photosynthesize, alibe wotchedwa chlorophyll maselo monga zomera. Koma monga mbali ya maselo awo analipo chitin, ndilo khalidwe kwa anthu a nyama zina (mwachitsanzo arthropods, limene - chinthu chofunika polenga chipolopolo kapena mafupa kunja). Zimenezi umabweretsa bowa ndi nyama.

kagayidwe

Bowa amatha, monga nyama, ndi sitolo glycogen (chakudya). Iwo akhoza adzatulukemo mapeto mankhwala awo a kagayidwe thupi. Ikuonetsanso iwo kuti aziwoneka ngati zinyama.

Njira kotunga

Bowa musati lithe organic. heterotrophs awa, ndiko kuwanyeketsa iwo mu mawonekedwe a kale kukonzekera M'malo mwake, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala zochita kupanga ntchito michere kuti apange (saprophytic bowa). Ichinso akusonyeza zizindikiro za kusonkhanitsa bowa ku nyama kuti chakudya organic. Bowa symbionts moyo likuvutika mogwirizana ndi Derevyeva (nthawi zina zovuta kuti muganize amene ali mu ndikuyenda ya mycelium ndi mizu ang'onoang'ono tsitsi).

Pali bowa kuti parasitize zina zamoyo - nyama ndi zomera kudyetsa pa nkhani zawo, ndipo ngakhale kupha khamu ake. Mu nkhani iyi, bowa (mwachitsanzo, tinder) ndi nthawi kuti moyo ndi mtengo akufa, kuwonjezera minofu yake organic ndi kuwagwiritsa chakudya. Pali ngakhale bowa adani. Iwo kudya nyama: amoebas ndi nematodes, nalanda ndi zomatira pamwamba pa hyphae ake. Khalidwe la bowa ndi kuti mu ndondomeko ya kagayidwe atulutsa urea, monga nyama zambiri.

zotsatira

Polongosola mwachidule, tikhoza kunena kuti bowa wa - makamaka mu gawo la chilengedwe, wopangidwa mwa nambala wopandamalire mitundu: kuchokera blewits wautali kwambiri kwa amatha kuumba zing'onozing'ono ndi yisiti n'kumugawa m'magulumagulu, si nthawi zonse zooneka osati zida za m'kati view. Onsewo - mbadwa za tizilombo wakale eukaryotic moyo nthawi mapangidwe m'madzi mabiliyoni zaka zapitazo.

Ena katundu ndi mu bowa wamba ndi zomera (leni ndikusankha kuganiza za akatswiri ambiri mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri). Izi kulephera ambulation, ndi kukula mu moyo, ndi mphamvu suction. A zachilengedwe iwo akubweretsa zakudya heterotrophic, komanso pamaso pa chitin mu nembanemba awo selo, luso kusunga zimam'patsa urea mapangidwe ndi kuwonongedwa ake mu ndondomeko ya kagayidwe. Zonsezi zimapangitsa bowa pa nthawi yomweyo ofanana ndi zomera ndi nyama.