Kulemba Arabic: m'mbiri, makamaka

Panopa maperesenti oposa asanu ndi awiri a anthu padziko lonse amagwiritsa kulankhulana awo Arabic. Mukuzilemba izo ntchito limati makumi awiri ndi ziwiri, ndi kusinthidwa ndi ofanana kwa anthu a India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran ndi maiko ena. Mukamakambirana mbali ya kalata Tingaone phindu lake ambiri, komanso kukongola kwa mawu Arabic kutukwana.

magwero

History of Arabic script achokera ku alifabeti, amene analengedwa ndi ku Foinike moyo Lebanon, Syria ndi Palesitina. Chifukwa chakuti fuko ili kuchitikira ake asapita malonda kudutsa gombe Mediterranean, kalata awo mukopedwe chitukuko cha alifabeti ambiri m'derali.

Choncho, kulemba Foinike kusanduka malangizo angapo, mmodzi amene - zilembo Greek, ndipo kenaka, ndi m'Chilatini. nthambi yake yachiwiri analandira chinyezimiro ake mu chinenero Chiaramu, amene nawonso, ogaŵikana Chiheberi ndi Nabataean zilembo, amene analowa ntchito cha m'ma chachiwiri BC pa dera la Yordano ano. Kenako anaonekera Arabic script.

pofuna

Kunalimbikitsa kale bwinobwino kalata zoterozo mu m'zaka za zana lachinayi AD, pamene zilembo anali athanzi. Ndiye izo zikanakhala zotheka kuti tifufuza mbali mu izo kuti amanenedwa ndi amakono Arabic script. Mwachitsanzo, chizindikiro chomwecho akhoza amaimira mwakamodzi phonemes awiri kapena atatu kuti anakhala osiyana ntchito mfundo diacritical. Zilembo zinalembedwa otchulidwa Shaddaa, ndipo anayamba kuoneka mawu. Zikamera kulemba Arabic ndi pang'ono chofunika kwa anthu zakale zoterezi monga Semites, monga izo zinali Aluya takongola mawonekedwe makalata awo.

Kalembedwe anayamba kutuluka pang'ono kenako, pamene panafunika kulemba buku lopatulika la Asilamu - Korani. Poyambirira, ziphunzitso mneneri Muhammad inafikira chinenero m'kamwa, omwe kenako zinachititsa kuti kupotoza awo. Pambuyo pake, chifukwa chikoka chachikulu cha Islam, kalatayi ndi limodzi la wotchuka kwambiri mu dziko. Tsopano angapezeke m'madera ambiri a Africa, Central ndi West Asia, ku Ulaya ndi ngakhale America.

Features kulemba

kulemba Arabic ndi ofanana Russian kuti makalata ntchito, m'malo m'nkhaniyi. Mawu ndi ziganizo zalembedwa kumanja kupita kumanzere. Mbali ina ya kalatayi ndi kuti iwo alibe makalata likulu. maina onse, mawu oyamba mu chiweruzo ndi zimayikidwa pa pepala yekha ndi chizindikiro yaing'ono. zizindikiro zopumira zalembedwa mu mawonekedwe mozondoka, zomwe ndi zachilendo komanso anthu Chirasha.

kulemba Arabic ndi wosiyana ndi ena ambiri kuti pa pepala ankaonetsa makonsonati okha ndi mavawelo yaitali ndi waufupi zambiri osati anasonyeza ndi chinaonekeranso pongofuna mawu. Pankhaniyi, palibe chisokonezo pamene kuwerenga sadzafika chifukwa chakuti phokoso awa analembedwa ntchito superscripts osiyana ndi subscripts. zilembo Arab tichipeza 28 makalata. Pankhaniyi, 22 ali Mawonekedwe anai a iwo analemba, ndi 6 - awiri okha.

Zosiyanasiyana kalembedwe oyambirira

Mitundu ya muyezo Arabic script anapereka asanu handwritings osiyana atatu amene anaonekera pang'ono kale kuposa ena:

• The oyamba - ndi kufi. Iye ndi wamkulu ndipo potengera malamulo geometrical, pamodzi ndi zodzikongoletsera. Mu kulemba kwa kalembedwe ichi ntchito mizere molunjika, angelo. Iwo chagwiritsidwa pepala ntchito zipangizo zojambula. Pakuti cholembedwa ichi amakhala ndi kugwirizana ndi ulemerero, rigor ndi chofunika. Chifukwa cha makhalidwe amenewa anamugwiritsa ntchito kulemba buku yaikulu ya Asilamu. Komanso mudzipatsana kulemba Tingaone ngakhale ndalama Arab ndi misikiti.
• Pang'ono padaonekera Suls. Translation cha dzina lake kwenikweni zikumveka ngati "chachitatu", monga m'pamene katatu kakang'ono kuposa mu Kufi. Amaona kuti yokongola cholembedwa. Choncho Suls kunadetsa ntchito subheads zosiyanasiyana ndipo akuchonderera zofunika. Chinthu chapadera cha cholembedwa ndi kalata yake ndi maonekedwe n'njokhota ndi ena ngowe kumapeto awo.
• Nash. Iwo unalengedwa padziko m'ma chakhumi. Mbali khalidwe la kalembedwe wa ang'ono yopingasa "stitches", ankamuthandiza intervals pakati pa mawu. Masiku ano izo zimagwiritsa ntchito mabuku ndi zofalitsa kusindikiza mabuku magaziniyo.

Mitundu mochedwa nthawi

masitaelo atatuwa amene anatulukira pang'ono pasanafike zolemba tatchulawa. Zikuphatikizapo mitundu zotsatirazi Arabic script:

• Talik. Iye anawonekera mu boma aku Iran ndi poyamba ankatchedwa Chifasi. Pamene ankalemba makalata pang'onopang'ono yochoka kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, kotero inu mukhoza kuganiza kuti mawu mwachindunji olembedwa diagonally. Kalembedwe imeneyi, makalata ndi mawonekedwe yosalala. Iwo makamaka kufalitsidwa ku Asia South, komanso mu India.
• Rika cholembedwa. maziko ake ndi mitundu wakale kulemba. Kwenikweni, dzina la amatanthauza "pang'ono tsamba". Ndi kalembedwe mwachilungamo kumva, komanso zovuta kulemba, moti anthu amangonena ntchito kulemba ndi kunyumba.
• Kalembedwe Sofa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mu ofesi ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, ngati dzanja ndi kulemba madongosolo osiyana, makalata boma ndi zina makalata onse.

kalembedwe yaikulu

Arabic kulemba mitundu nthawi zambiri ntchito iliyonse zipangizo olimba, mwala ndi zitsulo. Iwo Tingaone pa malo osiyanasiyana ndipo zipilala, komanso mizikiti steles ndi ndalama. Kuti tichite zimenezi, cholembedwa khalidwe angularity enieni, choncho amakhudzidwa maganizo cholembedwa. Izi kalembedwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zakuthupi mosalekeza kulemba ndi amamuchititsa sligovannosti.

Kuchokera pamwamba pa zonse tikhoza maganizo amenewo kuti script Arabic paokha osavuta, ngati kuphunzira popanda maganizo zosafunika ndi mantha mu ndondomeko yolondola.