Informatics. mawu kutembenuka mfundo

Ntchito akufuna tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane funso asinthe mawu zomveka. Komanso amati inu kutenga kanthawi Inde pa mfundo, zomwe iyankha malamulo zikuluzikulu ndi mfundo. Sinthani mawu zomveka - izo si njira yovuta, ngati si bwino mokoma onse a phunziroli.

informatics kuchita ngati chinthu chosavuta ndi amasangalala, ngati mwawerenga mosamala nkhaniyi ndi kuphunzira malamulo a kusinthika, kuthetsa mavuto, ndipo kukafola ziwembu. Tikupereka kuyamba pompano.

mfundo za sayansi

Kuweta mfundo - ichi ndithu nkhani zovuta, pakuti kwalembedwa mabuku ambiri. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza ndizosowa malamulo a kusinthika mawu zomveka, ndiyo mfundo ndi ambiri achidule ndi kulimbikira. M'pofunika kuganizira watanthauzo kompyuta umisiri wa anthu komanso masikimu nyumbayi.

Kuyamba ndi mfundo zimene ndi chiyani izo? Nkofunika kudziwa kuti izi ndi sayansi kuti amasanthula maonekedwe ndi njira ya kulingalira. Zonse zimene taona, kumva kapena, kumvera malamulo. Ife kuponya mpirawo kwa kutalika ndi - nthawi zonse ntchentche pansi monga kumvera malamulo a sayansi. Brew m'mawa khofi, kuwonjezera shuga ndi youma zinthu yomweyo kupasuka mu madzi, kumvera malamulo a sayansi. Ndife kucheza ndi anzake, gawo lawo mapulani: "Ngati ndili bwino otetezeka ntchito, inu Pezani dipuloma", "Ine sindinafike kufika galimoto, monga kukonzedwa." Popanda kuzindikira, ife timanga zonse zolankhula zathu, akuchokera logic ndi malamulo ake. Ndiye n'chifukwa sayansi ndi mfundo za? Ndithudi, podziwa malamulo ake, mudzatha molondola kudziwa zotsatira za chochitika chifukwa iwo alibe kuchita mwachisawawa ndi chiopsezo.

Ngakhale maganizo ndithu kuipidwa ndondomeko, komabe angathe kugawidwa mmagawo ena zigawo zikuluzikulu, kapena kani, mawonekedwe (mothandizidwa ndi chimene chimaonetsedwa ganizo):

• Zikhulupiriro;
• mawu;
• kuganiza;
• umboni.

Ife komanso kupereka inu kupita ku ntchito mfundo zomveka ndi kusintha mawu zomveka. luso Information adzakhala inu kusangalala ndi wosavuta phunziro, ngati inu mukuwerenga nkhani iyi mosamala.

ntchito zomveka

Tsopano timapereka timudziwe bwino ntchito nzeru. Nthawi zambiri matikiti a logwirizana boma mayeso mu Gawo B kudutsa ntchito kwa akatembenuka mfundo mawu mu n'zosangalatsa kumva mosinthanasinthana. Iwo sangakhoze kuthetsedwa popanda chidziwitso cha ntchito mfundo zomveka.

Kodi waukulu ntchito imeneyi sayansi? Kumene kuphunzira za zomveka mawu (onse komanso yosavuta). Kodi ndi mfundo zovuta? Ndi merging wamba, kuti ndi chifukwa Mitsemphayi, amene amadziwika ngati ntchito.

Total Pali zingwe zisanu:

• inversion (ie, negation, pogwiritsa nchito imeneyi, ndipo mukhoza kupeza mawu akuti, mosiyana ndi izi: ndimapita mafilimu lero - lero Ine sinditi mafilimu);
• disjunction (ili ntchito nthawi zambiri amatchedwa zomveka Kuwonjezera, kuti icho kumveka, perekani losavuta chitsanzo cha moyo: "Ngati Ine mutu kapena m'mimba, ndiye sindipita ku sukulu" - mawu osonyeza ndi zoona, ngati n'komwe chimodzi mwa zofunika );
• molumikizana (zambiri amatchedwa ndi chulutsa zomveka: "Ngati ine kutsuka mbale ndi kuchita maphunziro, ndiye kupita kukayenda ndi abwenzi" - mawu amenewa adzakwaniritsidwa ngati mikhalidwe iŵiri n'komwe);
• asadafe (mu mfundo za nchito imeneyi imatchedwa ndi zotsatirazi, mwatsoka, sikutheka kuti timvetse moyo vuto; ntchito onyenga adzakhala ngati chinachake ankafuna kuchita koma sizinayende, nthawi zina kugwira ntchito idzakhala choona);
• pazikhala kufanana (kapena kulingana ngati mawu awiri ndi zoona kapena zabodza, chifukwa ife kupeza choonadi).

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti sayansi computer, aliyense mfundo ndiwo amaimira likulu kalata ya zilembo Latin. Kenako, m'pofunika kukumbukira tebulo choonadi aliyense ntchito. Chonde dziwani kuti si koyenera kuloweza m'malo chifuniro kokha kumvetsetsa ntchito.

choonadi tebulo

molumikizana

Mawu oyamba (A)	Mawu akuti chachiwiri (B)	Zotsatira (C)
L	L	L
ndipo	L	L
L	ndipo	L
ndipo	ndipo	ndipo

disjunction

A	The	C
L	L	L
ndipo	L	ndipo
L	ndipo	ndipo
ndipo	ndipo	ndipo

inversion

A	The
ndipo	L
L	ndipo

tionetsa

A	The	C
L	L	ndipo
ndipo	L	L
L	ndipo	ndipo
ndipo	ndipo	ndipo

pazikhala kufanana

A	The	C
L	L	ndipo
ndipo	L	L
L	ndipo	L
ndipo	ndipo	ndipo

Komanso, tiyenera kukumbukira chakuti lagona pa mfundo anasonyeza ndi nambala 0, ndi mawu oona - ndi numeral 1. mayiko wanu, mungagwiritse ntchito ndi kuphatikiza kapena opanda chizindikiro. Samalani mfundo yakuti onama ndi owona akuti mu magome akufuna amalembedwa makalata "L" ndipo "ine" motero.

nyumba

Akuyendera kuti kutembenuka kwa zomveka mawu ayenera kukwaniritsa awo yomanga. pawiri iliyonse kapena, monga zinanenedwa kale, zovuta akuti imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri:

• zosintha amene amaimira zilembo;
• Zizindikiro zomwe zikuonetsa ntchito ndi ogwirizana ndi mnzake mawu osavuta.

Alembe mawu a chinenero ajebura maganizo? Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera kuchita zinthu zingapo:

• kugawana onse akunena kuti mawu osavuta;
• zilembo amatanthauza zinthu zimenezo;
• kuunikila kugwirizana pakati pa mawu osavuta;
• kulemba mawu chifukwa ndi thandizo la zilembo wapadera ajebura maganizo.

Ife akamufunsirire kuganizira chitsanzo losavuta: (Z * F = 5, kapena Z * F = 4) ndi (Z * F si wolingana 5 kapena Z * F si wolingana 4). M'pofunika m'malo zosintha 2. Kenako, timapeza mawu (4 kapena 5 = 4 = 4) ndi (4 si wolingana 5 kapena 4 si wolingana 4). Pambuyo ntchito, tiyenera kuunikila akuti ndi mgwilizano umene ulipo pakati pawo, muyenera kukhala okonzeka motere: (Z kapena F) ndi (osati Z kapena F). Pambuyo pake, tiyenera kutembenuka kujambula izi, m'malo mfundo mawu. Zikatero, ngati mawu zowona, ndiye kuti m'pofunika mmalo 1, ayi - 0. Ife tifika: G = 1 ndipo 1. kuwerengetsera zofunika timapeza zotsatira: G = 1, kuti ndi mawu ovuta ali woona.

malamulo

Tsopano tikukupemphani kuganizira malamulo malamulo logic ndi mawu zomveka kusintha. Nkofunika munene kuti aliyense zomveka akuti zikhoza kusinthidwa kuti wina ntchito malamulo maganizo. Tsopano tili tione malamulo onse khumi.

Choyamba pa mndandanda - "lamulo la negation awiri." Ndiko kuti, mawu akuti "ayi (osati A)" adzakhala chionetsero cha "A".

lamulo kulankhula ndi mu masamu, kumbukirani ndi wosavuta. A + B = B + A, A * B = B * A.

Associative lamulo - (D + E) + F = (D + F) + E, ulamuliro N'chimodzimodzinso chulutsa zomveka.

Kufalitsa lamulo - izo ndi maziko kutsegula apadera. Mwachitsanzo: (A + B) * C = (A * C) + (B C *).

lamulo De a Morgan: ayi (A + B) = * Nea Neuve, osati (A * B) + = HEA AHEB, HEA AimplikatsiyaV = + B, osati (AimplikatsiyaV) = A * Neuve.

Idempotency: X + X = C kapena C = C *.

zokhazikika kupatulapo: X = 1 + 1 + X 0 = X; X = X * 1, X * 0 = 0.

Kenako ife kusankha lamulo la kutsutsana, ndi kuwatsatira, tikhoza kunena anthu aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: V * = 0 Neuve.

Nzeru ndi mayamwidwe lamulo, lomwe kuchita chiri motere: C + (C * D) = C kapena C * (C + D) = C.

N'kofunikanso kuti kutembenuka kwa mawu zomveka Kumbukirani lamulo la kuchotserapo: (C * E) + (HEC * E) = E, kapena (C + E) * (HEC + E) = E.

Ngati inu muyang'ana mwatsatanetsatane pa ndi kukumbukira malamulo onse anapereka ku chigawo ichi, mavuto ndi lidzasintha sizidzachitikanso. Ofunika ndi kuti kuphedwa. Perekani item kwambiri kuti kugawa moyenera ntchito dongosolo - ndicho chinsinsi yankho lolondola vuto.

Malamulo a kusinthika ndi zosabvuta, dongosolo la ntchito, ndi zitsanzo

malamulo zomveka malamulo akatembenuka mawu zomveka zosavuta kukumbukira. Ngati mukukayika choonadi cha ngakhale mmodzi wa iwo, ndiyeno fufuzani nokha. Kuchita izi, inu muyenera kucheza mphindi 10 nthawi yanu ndi tebulo choonadi kuti ayankhe.

Tsopano ife akamufunsirire tione malamulo a logic ndi zomveka mawu malamulo kusinthika ndi zitsanzo. Izi ndi zofunika kuti kukonza bwino chidziwitso analandira. Samalani wapadera kwa ndondomeko ya zochita.

Tinapatsidwa: C + (HEC * E). M'pofunika wosalira mawu. Chinthu choyamba timapereka kutsegula m'mabokosi. Ndiye ife kupeza mawu otsatirawa: (C + HEC) * (C + E). Tikumbukenso yomweyo kuti tikadziwe Kuwonjezera mfundo ziwiri zosiyana kutipatsa choonadi. Zomwe timapeza chifukwa cha: 1 * (C + E). Kachiwiri kutsegula m'mabokosi: (1 * C) + (1 + E). Tsopano kamodzinso ife Kumbukirani malamulo ndi kupeza yankho: C + E.

Monga inu mukuziwona, chirichonse ndithu yosavuta. Kuti athetse mavuto amenewa ayenera kukumbukira malamulo amene anazilemba mu gawo m'mbuyomu. Ife kupereka kusuntha kuthetsa mfundo mavuto, monga iyi ntchito ndi pang'ono zovuta m'mbuyomu.

Kukwaniritsa mavuto

Ife tiyanjane ndi ndizosowa sayansi amatchedwa "mfundo", kusintha mawu zomveka, ife mwachidule kuwunikira malamulo ondandalikidwa. Ntchito yovuta kwambiri ndi yokonza mawu zomveka - ntchitoyi. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti angathe kuthetsedwa ndi thandizo la mfundo, mawu kutembenuka kapena njira tebulo. Ife akamufunsirire kuganizira mmodzi wa iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Atatu anyamata (Cyril, Anton ndi fupa) anali mu chipinda chomwecho. Mwadzidzidzi mayi kuchokera ku khitchini phokoso la chikho wosweka. Iye anathamangira kwa ana ake ndipo anati, "Ndani wachita ichi?" Yankho lake linali motere: Kirill anati chikho waphwanya mafupa, ndi Anton; Anton anati anachita Kostya m'malo Cyril; Kostya limanena kuti Makamaka si Anton. Tikudziwa kuti munthu wina mmodzi wa anyamata anauza mayi ake choonadi. Muyenera kupeza omwe aswa chikho.

Mwanzeru yankho Cyril ndi Anton akutsutsana, komanso Cyril Kostya. Choncho, iwo sangakhoze onse zoona. Timapanga mfundo yotsatirayi - Anton ndi Kostya ndakuuzani Choonadi, ndi Cyril ndi ponena za chikho wosweka. Njira imeneyi inali ntchito kusinkhasinkha. Tsopano kusakatula njira zothetsera vuto lomwelo, kokha mwa njira akuti kutembenuka. Kuyamba, ife timathandiza achidule:

• KR - chikho wosweka Cyril;
• Ndipo - chikho wasweka Anton;
• K - lobadwa fupa.

Mnyamatayo anayankha kuti:

• Cyril - Khosi, A;
• Anton - Necro, K;
• Kostya - Ayi.

Kutsatsa posonyeza, ngati Kostya ananamiza, ndi Cyril ndi Anton ndakuuzani Choonadi: HEK * A = 1 ndi K * necro = 1 ndi A = 1. Akatembenuka akuti, ife kutsutsana: 0 = 1. kopanda wathu sizolondola, m'pofunika kufufuza mfundo zina.

Ngati tingayerekezere kuti Cyril ananamiza, ndi Anton ndi Kostya anauza mayi ake zoona, ndiye akuti zotsatirazi: K * Nea = 1 ndi K = 1 * Necro ndi Nea = 1. Wosalira mawu ife tifika KR * Nea HEK = 1. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kopanda athu anali olondola, ndithu, Cyril anathyola kapu ndipo ananama kwa mayi anga.

Tabular njira yothetsera

Akuti malamulo a logic ndi kusintha kwa zomveka mawu, ndithudi zinatithandiza kupirira ntchito, zomwe kwake m'mbuyomo gawo. Tsopano ife akamufunsirire kuganizira njira tabular cha yankho ku vuto zotsatirazi.

Wotchedwa Dmitry, Anatoly ndi Lyudmila mafani makalata ku positi ofesi, ife tikudziwa kuti onse m'madera osiyanasiyana ndipo ndi masewera osiyana. Kudziwa amene amakhala mu mzinda ndi chimene chidwi. Mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Dmitri anali asanakhalepo ku Paris, ndipo Lyudmila - mu Rome;
• amene amakhala ku Paris, osati ngati filimu;
• munthu amene amakhala ku Rome, wakhala amapilira;
• Lyudmila tikamapita ku kuvina lapansi.

Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, muyenera tebulo kakang'ono.

France	Italy	United States		mingoli	kuvina	kanema
			wotchedwa Dmitry
			Anatoly
			Lyudmila

Kenaka zifunika tcheru pazipita. Bayibulo mu chikhalidwe, tiyenera kusonyeza mu tebulo. M'kupita kwa kudzazidwa ndi idzawonetsedwa motere:

• Wotchedwa Dmitry amakhala ku Rome ndipo wakhala amapilira;
• Anatoly amakhala ku Paris ndi frequents ndi kuvina;
• Lyudmila - zimakupiza lalikulu la mafilimu a kanema, yemwe amakhala ku United States.

Chonde kamodzinso kuganizira mfundo yakuti mawu akuti woona amalembedwa ndi nambala 1 ndi wabodza - 0 lembani tebulo ndi zizindikiro izi, inu mwamsanga kupeza yankho la funso limene limakusangalatsani.

Mikroskhematika

Zitsanzo za kutembenuka kwa mawu ndiye kuti ife kuwunikira, ndi zovuta kwambiri pa koyamba. The matikiti a logwirizana chikhalidwe boma mayeso onse adzapatsidwa mu mawonekedwe a tchipisi.

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti zipangizo zonse digito zochokera zinthu mfundo, ndiye ena zipangizo kuti achite ntchito mfundo zomveka.

Takambirana kale za ntchito monga molumikizana (zomveka chulutsa). Nthawi zambiri amaimira chizindikiro &. Izi ntchito n'kofunika kuti molumikizana zingapo mfundo. M'chithunzithunzi munakwanisa kuona chithunzi cha chulutsa zomveka.

disjunction ntchito ndi koyenera kuti kukwaniritsidwa kwa disjunction zina za makhalidwe athandizira. Polemba mawu nchito imeneyi nthawi amaimira chizindikiro U. Pa cithunzithunzi ndi chithunzi.

inversion ntchito ndi mawu Converter osakwatira pandunji. Mu M'chithunzithunzi munakwanisa kuona mmene dera amayang'ana "ayi."

CHITSANZO zosabvuta pa chilinganizo №1

Malamulo pamwamba pa akatembenuka mawu zomveka ayenera wotetezedwa mwa chizolowezi. Iwo akufunafuna cholinga ichi, ife akamufunsirire kuthetsa zitsanzo awo awiri mavuto sing'anga, ndi poyerekeza ndi zotsatira mu gawo limeneli nkhaniyo.

Ngati inu sitinakhale nayo nthawi kukumbukira chilinganizo cha kusintha kwa mawu zomveka, mukhoza kupanga yaing'ono "chikumbutso". Mudzaona kuti posachedwapa simungathe akazonde ake.

Mwachitsanzo: (X + T) * (Hex + T) * (M + No). Musati mwachimbulimbuli thanani, yesetsani kuthetsa chitsanzo nokha.

M'kupita kwa zosabvuta timapeza zolemba izi: T * (M + No) = (T M *) + (T * NO) = (T * izo) + 0 = (T + 0) * (M + 0) = T * M.

Monga mukuonera pa m'malo yaitali ndi wolemera mawu zovuta, ife tiri yochepa T * M. Ngati inu sanathe kuthetsa chitsanzo chawo imeneyi, amanena kachiwiri mpaka pamene ife anayang'ana pa kusintha kwa mawu zomveka, ntchito.

CHITSANZO zosabvuta pa chilinganizo №2

M'chigawo chino, timapereka inu wosalira mawu (E + H) * (E + K). Tiyeni tikambirane njira pang'onopang'ono. Chinthu choyamba tiyenera kutsegula m'mabokosi, kumbukirani njira yoyamba ya masamu. Chifukwa, timapeza mawu otsatirawa: E + E * E * N * K * E * N + K. Komanso, tiona kuti mawu amenewa ndi gawo la E * E, kumbukirani lamulo idempotency ndi kusintha kulowa: E + E * K * N * E * N + K. Siteji yotsatira kusandutsa wa E + E * Pogwiritsa ntchito bracketing ndi E variable ndi chuma: A + 1 = 1. Timapeza mawu otsatirawa: E + H + H * E * K. Zotsatirazi ndi analogous otsiriza mfundo ndi kutenga m'mabokosi E. Chifukwa, ife tipeze yankho: E + H * K.

Samalani mfundo yakuti ntchito kokha ngati zovuta pa koyamba. Kuti "mungaimitse iwo ngati mbewu", inu muyenera kudziwa malamulo zofunika maganizo.