Zosangalatsa za Turkey. Kufotokozera Turkey. History, Culture

Turkey - ndi osati alendo malo otchuka, komanso likulu la zochitika zambiri mbiri ndiponso boma ndi chikhalidwe wapadera. zowoneka mapulani ndi miyambo osaka dziko lino chidwi cha anthu padziko lonse. ndi mbali lawolawo la Turkey chiyani? Nkhani chidwi cha iye? Kodi mungathe kutiuza za luso lake, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo? Tiyeni tione bwinobwino.

malo Hrs

Yambani mfundo zosangalatsa za Turkey ndi malo ake apadera - izo ili mu South-East Europe ndi Asia kum'mwera nthawi yomweyo. m'litali kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kum'mawa ndi sikisitini makilomita mazana, kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera - ndi mazana asanu. Mbali yaikulu amatanthauza Anatolia Peninsula, lomwe imatchedwanso pansi pa dzina "Malaya Aziya". Nyanja ozungulira Turkey, yotchedwa Black, Aegean ndi Mediterranean. Woyamba lili kumpoto, pamene ena awiri - kumadzulo ndi kum'mwera. Komanso pali Dardanelles ndi Bosphorus. mbali European ndi Asia anasiyanitsidwa ndi madzi, ndime nyanja kuti zikugwirizana Nyanja Black ndi Nyanja Aegean. inawo nthawi zina amatchedwa Marble. Mapiri ku Turkey si mbali chidwi za gawolo, choncho sitinganene kuti mpumulo kumveka. Kutalika pafupifupi m'dera padziko boma - ndi mamita zikwi pamwamba pa nyanja. Phiri lalikulu kwambiri mu Turkey - ndi Pontic ndi Taurus. The chimbuzi ndi mu mita Kaçkar zitatu zikwi zisanu ndi zinayi mazana sate-wani.

Borders ndi anthu

Waukulu mzinda Turkey ndi Istanbul. Izo zinalembedwa anthu oposa mamiliyoni khumi. The chachikulu cha mizinda khumi osiyana - kumene oposa miliyoni moyo. M'dera la boma ndi makilomita lalikulu seveni handiredi eyite zikwi mazana asanu ndi eyite. Nyanja ozungulira Turkey, kutitengera malire mu katundu wambiri, kukuchitika makilomita zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri mazana awiri. Total Turkey ndi m'mphepete mwa mayiko eyiti. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq ndi Syria. m'malire nthawi dziko la makilomita zikwi ziwiri mazana asanu ndi forte-eyiti, ndi yaitali ndi amene ukugawa dziko ku Syria --makumi awiri awiri makilomita mazana asanu ndi atatu.

Zigawo yotchuka kwambiri ya Turkey ali pa gombe - ndi mudzi wa Kemer, zoyipa, Alanya, Marmaris ndi Antalya. Maina onsewa amadziwika bwino kwa alendo, koma pa madera izi wosangalatsa ndi mbiri ayenera kudziwa za dziko, ndipo mfundo zina. Mwachitsanzo, chimodzimodzi chidwi kukaona zilumba zambiri Turkey - Mwachitsanzo, lokwera Pashalimany - malo kwabasi ndi coves ndi zomera zosowa.

Mbiri yakale ya dziko

Kwa nthawi yoyamba munthu anaonekera pa mayiko a m'dera lina asanu ndi theka zaka zikwi BC. Koma ndiye limati latsopano zinalengedwa ndi mbisoweka mosintha, kotero kusonkhana kuti tsiku ndi chiwerengero cha zaka Turkey, sikutheka - m'masiku amenewo anali dziko chosiyana. Ena mwa iwo anali ankhondo a Aiguputo, Aaramu ndi Anatolia, ndi Ahelene anakumana. Osalimba kulibe. Mu mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi anayi BC Aselote anakhazikitsa mzinda mu dziko - tsopano chikudziwika ngati likulu la Turkey, Ankara. Pomwepo adadza nyengo ya Aroma ya mbiri. Zimafalikira pa dera la chikoka cha Akristu ndi boma likulu anali Constantinople. Mfumu Giustinian kukodzedwa dziko la Ufumu wa Byzantium ku Balkans, Africa North, Anatolia, ndi kulanda Italy. Patapita nthawi, mmene kuchepa ndipo Turkey ankalamulira dziko yekha wa lamakono, komanso Iraq ndi Iran. Latsopano maluwa zinachitika mkubwela Ufumu wa Ottoman, amene anaupereka ku malo a ku Ulaya.

mbiri ya makono

The zokwera ndi zotsika ina m'mbiri ya boma la Turkey. Kumayambiriro m'ma kufotokoza Turkey monga ufumu wamphamvu kunali zoona ndithu, koma Ronaldo kale likuyandikira. Cholakwika kusuntha WWI anali ukulu wa mapeto. Mu makumi munali nkhondo yomenyera ufulu ndi sultanate ndi linathetsedwa. Mu ulamuliro wa malamulo Ataturk a Analeredwa ndi sanaithetse malamulo ambiri ndiwofatsa achipembedzo. Akazi anapindula ufulu kuti azivota, demokalase dziko unakhazikitsidwa. Maphunzirowa ali pa chitukuko mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma. Pa chiyambi cha makumi awiri oyamba ndi chilakolako chachikulu cha Turkey inalowa ku EU. Pa nthawi imeneyi sizingatheke chifukwa chakuti m'madera ambiri a Turkey zosiyana mavuto a zachuma ndi kugwidwa Kurds. Separatism ndi nkhani otentha. Ngati nkhani Chikudishi si anatsimikiza, Ankara sitikhala amodzi wa mitu ya European Union.

Nyumba Turkey

Mwa kuphunzira mfundo zosangalatsa za Turkey, akuyenera kuphunzira osati za mbiri ndi malo Hrs, komanso za chikhalidwe - zosiyanasiyana luso kwambiri kwa aliyense m'dzikoli. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mamangidwe a. Iwo kusiyana ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana zochititsa chidwi pafupifupi mzinda uliwonse. Maziko a zomangamanga wakhala nthawi yaitali akhala mwala umene midadada zidalengedwa. zigawo zosiyana za Turkey akhoza kudzitama za zokopa monga mzikiti, ndi citadel, madrassas, osambira, misika komanso caravanserais. Iwo anaphimba ndi matailosi, yokongola kusema, wachikuda ceramic matailosi. Chiwembu akukumana ndi zomera, akalumikidzidwa zojambula ndi zolemba calligraphic. Top mapulani luso ndi nyumba zambiri Istanbul, monga Hagia Sophia - wotchuka mpingo mu Turkey, woimira zipembedzo angapo.

chosema miyambo

Ena ziboliboli zisungidwe Turkey a masamba wakale m'mbiri ya boma. Iwo ili nyumba yaikulu monga yokongola. Pachikhalidwe chithunzi chimodzi zigwire malinga embossed. Nthawi zambiri fano anaika pa ngodya ndi pa pediments wa niches. Chifukwa chakuti chipembedzo cha Chisilamu amaletsa analalikira za anthu ndi nyama, luso sculptural mwa nthawi ndiwofatsa achipembedzo kawirikawiri okha kwambiri, kotero chopereka yotakata mosiyanasiyana zakale Turkey sangathe kudzitama.

kupenta

Zosangalatsa za Turkey ndi luso m'dera chisoni ndithu. Nambala chidwi zitsanzo chabe samakuweruza mwambo wakale wa kupenta n'chotheka m'mipukutu kuti anali kukongoletsa ndi ankapenta ntchito pabwalo kwa ulemerero wa mfumu ina ya. zigawo zosiyana za Turkey akhoza kudzitama masukulu awo Zilembozo zinkasonyeza kwambiri ndi analilemba angatchedwe ngati m'malo mwa miyambo kwa dziko la kupenta. Monga zojambula otsiriza amasiyana mitundu chipongwe ndi akalumikidzidwa okhota popanda chikondi fano. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Koma ali ndithu zokongola ndi ogwirizana. oimira yamakono ya kupenta motsogozedwa ndi malamulo a olamulira European, ndi ouziridwa ndi miyambo ya kumadzulo.

Ku Tirhana na Timatheriyali

Kufotokozera Turkey n'zosatheka popanda kutchulanso mtundu wa luso. Ambiri mwa nyumba, ngakhale tsiku ndi tsiku chikhalidwe ambiri chokongoletsedwa ndi zojambula, ulemerero pa ziwiya ndi katundu wa m'nyumba. Pakuti zojambula ntchito amajambulapo maluwa okongola stylized chosonyeza zomera, nyama, ndi maluwa. Gawo la chiwembu ndi ngalawa ndi kupalasa, ndi maluwa a tulips, carnations, irises, hyacinths. Ntchito chifukwa chojambula wobiriwira, wofiira ndi zofiirira, ndi buluu utoto. luso chinanso ndi kuluka - yowala nsalu yofiira ndi golide kapena siliva chitsanzo mu ankafuna mkulu. Komanso, dziko wotchuka Turkey makalapeti. Iwo kusiyana ndi mtundu otsika-kiyi ndi zikuchokera pachiyambi. Ena zigawo Turkey ndi otchuka yopanga zinthu chosema matabwa, zida zitsulo ndi mbale, ziwiya zadothi zokongola ndi dothi.

mabuku

Ambiri zosangalatsa za Turkey mukhonza kuwapeza magwero monga mabuku ndi olemba m'deralo. chikhalidwe wakale kophweka ntchito zake analengedwa pa Seljuk ulamuliro mu Arabic. Alakatuli bwalo la nthawi zimene zinalembedwa mu Persian. Kuti anapulumuka akale nthano, nthano, nthano, miyambi, nyimbo ndi ngakhale mikuluwiko ndi nthabwala. Zomwe analemba kale analenga yekha ndakatulo - mu mulingo ofanana ndi chivalry ndipo anatamanda akuluakulu.

Pa kuchepa Ufumu wa Ottoman, Turkey analemba bukhu satirical, wosasamalira ziphuphu, kuba, amwano moyo ndi kuledzera. Wamba prose ankangomva ntchito sayansi - ntchito pa chipembedzo, mankhwala, mbiri. Literature m'lingaliro ochiritsira anatuluka ndi mochedwa, kotero buku, ulendo kapena mabuku chikhalidwe komanso masewero zambiri zinamangidwa ku zimene zikuchitika. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chinenero Turkey wakhala wosalira ndipo panopa mabuku, sali osiyana ndi anthu.

Turkey zakudya

Kudya chakudya ndi mbali chifungulo cha zikhalidwe East. Turkey zakudya ndi mwa olemera mu oonetsera dziko. Ena mbale akhoza kufufuza zinsinsi komanso alendo, ndi ena angathe kukonzekera yekha wophika anakumana kwambiri. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti dera lililonse - mbale wawo chikhalidwe. Mosiyana ndi maganizo a kum'maŵa zakudya kwambiri lakuthwa, zokometsera ntchito mopitirira muyezo. ntchito munthu kuti ambiri a mbale kupezeka kwa zamasamba - mbale Turkey zosiyanasiyana ndipo sanakonza okha nyama, komanso osiyanasiyana masamba, zipatso ndi mitundu yonse ya mbewu monga chimanga.

miyambo

Kumvetsetsa miyoyo ya m'deralo, m'pofunika kudziwa zina mwa malamulo awo. Mwachitsanzo, akazi zithunzi wakuda ndikoletsedwa, ndi anthu kupempha. Kuyamba mzikiti kapena m'nyumba, Turkey nthawi vula nsapato zawo ndi kusiya pakhomo. Ngati pali chiopsezo kuti kusochera, inu mukhoza kuwonjezera nsapato mu thumba ndi kutenga ndi iwe. Turkey konse mowa m'misewu. Nagonjetsa kwambiri, zimene Mlendo - kusokoneza dziko ndi Greece. Nkosafuna nthabwala za Atatürk - ngakhale zofooka zina, ikhala wokondedwa kwambiri dziko ngwazi lero. zolakwa lina lalikulu - kuitana Istanbul Constantinople. Dzina akale a ku likulu Byzantine, amene anapambana Ottoman. Ntchito, mukhoza kwambiri kuwawa ndi kuonetsera umbuli wa mbiri. Ndipo, ndithudi, sayenera kusokonezedwa - mudzi waukulu mu dziko ndi Ankara.