Hydrides - ndi ... Phunziro pankhaniyi hydrides

Aliyense wa ife ali anakumana ndi malingaliro a sayansi, ngati zimapangidwira. Nthawi zina iwo ali ofanana kuti n'zovuta kusiyanitsa wina ndi mzake. Koma m'pofunika kuti maganizo onse a iwo, chifukwa nthawizina kusamvetsetsa kumabweretsa vuto kwambiri mopusa, ndipo nthawi zina zolakwa losakhululukidwa. M'nkhani ino tikambirana hydrides, ndi owopsa ndipo zimene sizili, kumene ntchito bwanji analandira. Koma ife kuyamba ndi ulendo mwachidule mu mbiri.

nkhani

nkhani yake akuyamba anatulukira hydrides wa hydrogen. Izi amafotokozera mu m'ma 18 anapeza Henry Cavendish. Haidrojeni amadziwika kuti m'gulu la zikuchokera madzi ndi maziko zinthu zina zonse tebulo nthawi. Uyamiko kwa Iye, kuli mankhwala zotheka organic ndi moyo padziko lathuli.

Komanso wa hydrogen ndi maziko mankhwala ambiri zochita kupanga. Zikuphatikizapo zidulo ndi zapansi, komanso mankhwala wapadera bayinare wa hydrogen ndi zinthu zina - hydrides. Deti la kaphatikizidwe wawo woyamba sanali ndendende zikudziwika, koma hydrides sanali zachitsulo akhala kudziwika kwa anthu kuyambira nthawi yakale kwambiri. Ambiri a iwo - madzi. Inde, madzi - ndi hydride wa oxygen.

Komanso mu kalasi monga amoniya (waukulu pakaciduswa la ammonia), sulfide wa hydrogen, mankhwala enaake a hydrogen, ndi zina zotero. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za katundu zinthu m'kalasi osiyanasiyanawo ndi chidwi mankhwala ayankhidwa mu gawo lotsatira.

thupi katundu

Hydrides - ndi makamaka mpweya. Komabe, ngati ife kutenga chitsulo hydrides (ali osalimba zinthu zachilendo ndipo anatani mofulumira kwambiri ndi madzi), zingakhale zolimba. Ena mwa iwo (mwachitsanzo, bromide wa hydrogen) kulibe m'moyo madzi.

Kumasulira ambiri chotero kalasi yaikulu zinthu izo sangathe, chifukwa iwo onse ali osiyana ndi, malingana katunduyo, omwe ali mbali ya hydride, kuwonjezera wa hydrogen, ndi makhalidwe osiyana thupi ndi katundu mankhwala. Koma iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu, pawiri imene zofanana. Pansipa tikambirana payokha lililonse kalasi.

Amaayoni hydrides - ndi pawiri wa hydrogen ndi zitsulo soda kapena zamchere lapansi. Iwo akuyimira woyera olimba, khola pansi pa zikhalidwe zachilendo. Pa Kutentha, mankhwala awa ali decomposed metal awo constituent ndi wa hydrogen popanda kusungunuka. chapadera - ndi LiH, amene chimasungunula popanda kuwonongeka ndi amphamvu Kutentha akutembenukira kwa Li ndi H _2.

Zitsulo hydrides - kusintha zitsulo pawiri. Nthawi zambiri ali zikuchokera variable. Iwo akhoza kukhala pano monga yankho olimba a haidrojini mu zitsulo. Ndipo iwonso dongosolo mibulu ya zitsulo.

Ndi hydrides covalent limabweretsa basi zoterezi ambiri pa Dziko Lapansi: mankhwala a hydrogen ndi sanali zitsulo. Lonse dera kugawa zinthu izi chifukwa bata awo okwezeka, monga covalent nsinga ndi zamphamvu mankhwala a.

Monga chitsanzo, pakachitsulo hydride chilinganizo: SiH _4. Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa izo mu Volume, ife tikupeza kuti zolimba kwambiri wa hydrogen anakokera kwa pakachitsulo atomu chapakati ndi ma elekitironi ake yomweyo kuchepetsa thereto. Pakachitsulo ali electronegativity mokwanira lalikulu Choncho, amatha kwambiri kukopa ma elekitironi kuti pakati pake penipeni, potero kuchepetsa kutalika mgwirizano ndi atomu pafupi. Ndipo monga mukudziwa, wamfupi kugwirizana, choncho ndi mphamvu.

Chigawo yotsatira tikambirana kusiyana hydrides kuchokera mankhwala ena mwa mawu a mankhwala reactivity.

katundu mankhwala

Chigawo chino ndi ofunika hydrides m'magulu mofanana m'mbuyomu. Ndipo ife tiyambira ndi katundu wa hydrides amaayoni. Chachikulu kusiyana kwa mitundu ina awiri kuti mwachangu kucheza ndi madzi kupanga hydrogen ndi soda kumasulidwa mpweya. Hydride anachita - madzi ndi zachiwawa ndithu, kotero kugwirizana nthawi zambiri amasungidwa ndi kupatulana chinyezi. Ichi ndi chifukwa madzi ngakhale zili mu mlengalenga zimachititsa kusinthika oopsa.

Timasonyeza pamwamba anachita aone kuti pali mu Chitsanzo zinthu monga hydride potaziyamu:

KH + H ₂ O = KOH + H ₂

Monga tikuonera, zonse ndi wosavuta. Choncho, tikambirana zochita zambiri zosangalatsa khalidwe la ena mitundu iwiri ife anafotokoza zinthu.

Mfundo masinthidwe ena kuti sitili anatengedwa popanda, khalidwe la mitundu yonse ya zinthu. Iwo amakonda kuchita ndi oxides zitsulo, zitsulo n'kupanga, kapena ndi madzi kapena hydroxide (yotsirizira ndi khalidwe la zamchere ndi zamchere-lapansi zitsulo).

chidwi anachita china - matenthedwe kuwonongeka. Zimachitika pa kutentha ndipo amawachitira mapangidwe zitsulo ndi wa hydrogen. Ife sindiganizira pa linachepa, monga kale kusanthula zigawo za m'mbuyomo.

Choncho, ife kufufuza katundu wa mtundu uwu wa mankhwala bayinare. Tsopano m'pofunika kulankhula za kukonzekera kwawo.

Kupeza hydrides

Pafupifupi anthu onse a hydrides covalent - ndi mankhwala achilengedwe. Iwo khola ndithu, kotero musalekane mchikakamizo cha mphamvu kunja. Ndi ion ndi zitsulo hydrides zonse pang'ono zovuta. Iwo sungakhale chirengedwe, kotero iwo kuti apanga. Izi zachitika zapamwamba: mwa kuchita hydrogen ndi zinthu mogwirizana kuti kuti munthu alandire hydride.

ntchito

Ena hydrides mulibe ntchito makamaka, koma ambiri - kwambiri chifukwa wothandizila makampani. Sikuti tidzapita mwatsatanetsatane, popeza aliyense wa iwo adamva kuti Mwachitsanzo, amoniya ntchito m'madera ambiri, ndipo ndi nkhani yofunika kwa kupanga kwa amino zidulo yokumba ndi mankhwala organic. Ntchito hydrides ambiri yochepa kuti makhalidwe a mankhwala katundu wawo. Choncho, ntchito kokha basi zatsopano zasayansi.

Ntchito - gawo kwambiri yaikulu kwa gulu ili la zinthu, choncho okha mfundo ambiri. Mbali yotsatira angakuuzeni angati a ife, alibe nzeru yake, kusokoneza vuto lililonse (kapena kudziwika) kanthu pakati pawo.

ena olakwika

Mwachitsanzo, ena amakhulupirira kuti hydride wa hydrogen - chinthu choopsa. Ngati mungathe timachitcha icho zinthu, ndiye palibe amene amachita. Ngati tikuganiza, hydride wa hydrogen - ndi pawiri wa hydrogen ndi wa hydrogen, motero - H ₂ molekyulu. Kumene, gasi yoopsa, koma osakaniza oxygen. Mu maonekedwe ake angwiro si owopsa.

Pali zambiri maina. Iwo Inabuka mantha munthu zachilendo. Komabe, ikusonyeza kumapeto, ambiri a iwo ndi chabwinobwino ndipo kuigwiritsa ntchito pa zoweta.

Pomaliza

Umagwirira World ndi waukulu, ndipo timaganiza kuti ngati si zitatha izi, pambuyo nkhani zina zingapo, inu mudzionere nokha. Ndicho chifukwa n'zomveka kuti kumizidwa mu phunziro mutu wake. Anthu watsegula kwambiri latsopano ndi zambiri amakhalabe osadziwika. Ndipo ngati mukuona kuti palibe chidwi m'munda wa hydrides, inu akulakwitsa kwambiri.