Hubble zonse. The thambo. Chilamulo Hubble a

Ngati wina akuganiza kuti mawu akuti "kuwanditsa" ndi mwangwiro zamasewera mu kwambiri, "antisupruzhesky" khalidwe kolakwika. Pali zambiri zosangalatsa kutanthauzira. Mwachitsanzo, Chilamulo Cosmological Hubble ukuonetsa kuti Way kutenga ...!

mitundu itatu nebulae

Taganizani izi: zakuda, yaikulu zingalowe machitidwe nyenyezi modekha komanso pang'onopang'ono kutali Chrixitu, "pitani-bwino! Tiwonana! Tiwonana. " Mwina, pambali 'm'nyimbo digressions "ndi kutembenukira kwa umboni sayansi. Mu 1929, a zakuthambo otchuka a XX m'ma American wasayansi Edvin Pauell Habbl (1889-1953) anazindikira kuti pali kuwonjezeka azilandira chonse.

Munthu wamkulu moyo wake wonse kuti akuchepa kapangidwe ka chilengedwe cha anabadwa mu Marshfield (Missouri). Ndi misomali unyamata chidwi zakuthambo, koma mapeto ake, iye anakhala loya aŵiri. Titamaliza University Cambridge, Edwin ntchito mu Chicago, mu Observatory York. Mu First World nkhondo (1914-1918 gg.) Anathetsa. zaka Frontline yekha anakankhira mmbuyo kutsegula nthawi. Masiku ano, dziko lonse sayansi amadziwa zimene zonse Hubble.

Pa njira, atulukira

Nditangofika kuchokera kutsogolo, wasayansi wacheukira kwa Observatory zakuthambo Mount Wilson (California). Iye anavomera kugwira ntchito kumeneko. Mu chikondi ndi zakuthambo, mnyamata anakhala nthawi yambiri kuyang'ana pa kukula yaikulu ya magalasi zakutali 60 mainchesi 100. Pa nthawi imeneyo - zazikulu kwambiri wosangalatsa! Pa zipangizo, ndi woyamba agwira ntchitoyi kwa pafupifupi zaka khumi, kuonetsetsa apamwamba zotheka magnification ndi fano kumva.

Kumbukirani, zooneka malire a chilengedwe amatchedwa Metagalaxy. Iye amabwera kwa boma pa nthawi ya Big Bang (a Cosmological chikhalidwe). riziki Modern limanena kuti mfundo za zokhazikika zathupi homogeneous (ie kuwala kumayendera, mlandu pulayimale, etc.). Akukhulupirira kuti Metagalaxy accommodates biliyoni 80 nyenyezi (chodabwitsa chithunzi zikumveka zambiri ngati izi: 10 sextillion ndi 1 quadrillion nyenyezi). The mawonekedwe, kulemera ndi kukula kwake - kwa chilengedwe ndi chosiyana kuposa analandira Padziko Lapansi lingaliro.

chachinsinsi Cepheid

Pofuna kutsimikizira chiphunzitso kufotokoza thambo, zimatenga nthawi yaitali kwambiri kufufuza zovuta kufananitsa ndi kuwerengetsera. Mu makumi oyambirira a zaka za m'ma XX msilikali otsiriza kenako anatha m'kagulu nebulae anati padera ku Milky Way. Malinga anapeza wake, iwo mwauzimu, elliptical ndi osasamba (atatu mitundu).

Mu dongosolo wathu wapafupi nyenyezi, koma osati yapafupi mwauzimu Nebula Andromeda, Edwin anaona Cepheid (gulu la nyenyezi kugunda). lamulo Hubble anali kale pafupi mapangidwe chikutha. Katswiri kudziwa mtunda ankayatsa awa ndi kukula kwa Way waukulu wa Gulu Local. Malinga ndi mfundo zake Andromeda limapangidwa pafupifupi thililiyoni imodzi nyenyezi (2.5-5 nthawi Milky Way).

zonse

Akatswiri ena kufotokoza chikhalidwe cha Cepheids, kuyerekeza ndi mipira kufufuma mphira. Kenako kuonjezera, ndiye ndichepe, ndiye pafupi, ndiye lichoke. Mmene mathamangidwe zozungulira zimasiyanasiyana. Pa psinjika kutentha kwa "apaulendo" ukuwonjezeka (ngakhale pamwamba amachepetsa). Kugunda nyenyezi ndi zachilendo pendulum kuti, posapita nthawi kusiya.

Monga ena Nebula, ndi Andromeda amakhala ndi asayansi ndi danga chilumba chonse, amatikumbutsa Way wathu. Mu 1929, Edwin anapeza: velocities zozungulira wa nyenyezi ndi kutalika awo ndi zogwirizana ndi linearly yozungulira. koyefishienti chimatanthauza, izo zinawonetsera mu Km / s Mpc (Mpc). Ichi chikudziwika ngati zonse Hubble. Anatsegula chilengedwe - kusintha nthawi zonse. Koma pa mfundo makamaka magawo onse a chilengedwe ndi dongosolo lomwelo. Mu 2016 - 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / Mpc.

Ziphunzitso za dongosolo la chilengedwe, zamoyo akupitiriza, extensible, ndiye ali maziko taona. ndondomeko ndi mwachangu anaphunzira zakuthambo pamaso pa chiyambi cha nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mu 1942 anali kupita dipatimenti ya ballistics kunja pa Aberdeen Kutsimikizira Ground (USA). Kodi ichi maloto wothandizira, mwina odabwitsa kwambiri mu dziko la sayansi? Ayi, anafuna "decode" malamulo a obisika nyenyezi kutali! Pankhani maganizo andale, zakuthambo ankatsutsa poyera mtsogoleri wa Ulamuliro wa Nazi la Adolf Hitler Chachitatu. Kumapeto kwa moyo wake, iye ankatchedwa Hubble wamphamvu wotsutsana ntchito zida zoopsa. Koma ku Nebula lapansi.

Velikiy Edvin

zokhazikika ambiri zakuthambo ndi kusintha nthawi, pali kutulukira zinthu zatsopano. Koma iwo sizingafanane ndi Chilamulo cha kuwonjezedwa chilengedwe cha. Wotchuka zakuthambo Hubble XX m'ma (kuyambira nthawi ya Copernicus anzake sanali!) Ikani pa ndime ndi woyambitsa wa sayansi experimental ndi Galileo ndi mlembi wa linanena bungwe nzeru kuli kachitidwe Nyenyezi ndi William Herschel.

Ngakhale pamaso pa lamulo Hubble a anapeza wolemba ake membala wa Academy National wa Sciences ya United States of America, kenako maphunziro m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ali mphoto zambiri. Ambiri mwina anamva zoti zaka zoposa khumi zapitazo, unayambitsidwa mu kanjira ndi bwinobwino ukugwira ntchito malo zakutali "Hubble". dzina Izi ndi Chigwa pa mwezi, limodzi za mumlengalenga zazing'ono makina pakati pa Mars ndi Jupiter (a asteroid).

Iwo sizingakusangalatseni ndithu kunena kuti zakuthambo yekha ndipo anafuna zimalimbikitsa dzina lake, koma pali umboni mosadziwika kuti Edwin ankakonda kukopa tcheru. Sungani chithunzi limene mokondwera naonekera pafupi mafilimu. Basi pansipa ife tinena za zoyesayesa ake "kukonza" mlingo kupambana pa Laureates makamaka, ndipo potero kulowa mbiri ya ankaganizira.

Henrietta Leavitt njira

Wotchuka British Katswiri Stiven Hoking m'buku lake "A History Mwachidule ya Time", analemba kuti: "anapeza kuti thambo likukula, anthu aluntha zisinthe chachikulu cha m'ma XX". Hubble anali mwayi zokwanira kukhala malo oyenera pa nthawi yoyenera. Mount Wilson Observatory linali likulu la zimene ananena ntchito zimene tikuphunzira pa astrophysics watsopano (anadzatchedwa ankaganizira). Makinawa amphamvu kwambiri padziko Lapansi Hooker anali chabe achita m'Mphamvu.

Koma zonse Hubble anali nkomwe anatsegula kokha pamaziko a sizinatheke. Amafuna kuleza mtima, khama, luso kupambana Otsutsa maphunziro. Choncho zakuthambo American Harlou Shepli anapereka chitsanzo cha Way. Iye anali kale yasayansi, kutifotokozera kukula kwa Milky Way. Ambiri ntchito njira kudziŵa mtunda wa Cepheids ntchito njira wasenza mu 1908 ndi Genriettoy Suon Leavitt. Izo zikuika mtunda chinthu, potengera muyezo kusuntha kuwala kwa nyenyezi yowala (Cepheid zosintha).

No fumbi ndi gasi, ndi nyenyezi zina

Harlou Shepli ankakhulupirira kuti kachigawo Way zaka 300,000 kuwala (pafupi kakhumi kuposa phindu chovomerezeka). Komabe, Shapley, ngati zakuthambo kwambiri pa nthawi, anali wotsimikiza kuti Milky Way - izi ndi chilengedwe chonse. Ngakhale mfundo yoyambayi ndi William Herschel m'zaka XVIII, anagawana anthu ankakhulupirira kuti anthu onse Nebula ndi pafupi zinthu - chabe malo a fumbi ndi gasi mu mlengalenga.

Ndi angati owawa, usiku ozizira anakhala Hubble atakhala mu mphamvu zakutali Hooker pamaso iye akanakhoza kutsimikizira kuti Shapley cholakwika. Mu October 1923, Edwin mwaona Nebula M31 (Andromeda) "wosweka kunja" nkhaniyi ndipo anamuuza kuti sikuli kwa Milky Way. Ndikatha kumfunsafunsa mosamala mbale Zithunzi, amene analandidwa malo omwewo kale ankafufuza ndi zakuthambo ena, kuphatikizapo Shapley, Edwin anazindikira kuti Cepheid.

anapeza Cosmos

Hubble ntchito Shapley njira kuyeza mtunda nyenyezi variable. Kunapezeka kuti chimachititsa kwa zaka mamiliyoni kuwala kwa nthaka kutali kupitirira Milky Way. The Way lokha lili mamiliyoni nyenyezi. Mumadziwika Chilengedwe chikuwonjezeka kwambiri mu tsiku, ndipo - m'lingaliro - thambo anapezeka!

The nyuzipepala "New York Times" analemba kuti: "Kupezeka kwa nebulae mwauzimu ndi machitidwe nyenyezi Dr. Hubbel (sic) amachirikiza mfundo yakuti iwo ali ngati." Island universes "ofanana ndi athu." Anapeza kwambiri kuti dziko zakuthambo, koma nthawi wamkulu wa Hubble anali adakali m'tsogolo.

palibe malo amodzi

Monga tidanena, kupambana kwa "Copernicus №2» anabwera mu 1929 pamene wachinsinsi onse Nebula kudziwika ndi anayeza velocities awo makulidwe a kuwala panamveka. anapeza zodabwitsa kuti nyenyezi zonse zikuzimiririka pang'onopang'ono kwa ife imathamanga njila kwa patali kuwonjezeka kwa Milky Way, anadabwa dziko. lamulo Hubble a anathetsa lingaliro miyambo thambo malo amodzi, ndipo anasonyeza kuti iye yekha ali odzaza mphamvu. Einstein yekha, adaweramitsa mutu wake kutsogolo kwa mphamvu zoterozo chodabwitsa chidwi.

Author ndi chiphunzitso cha relativity kudzudzulidwa maikwezhoni, amene kumbuyo thambo. Tsopano, Hubble anasonyeza kuti Einstein anali kulondola. nthawi Hubble - ndi osiyanitsidwa wa nthawi zonse Hubble (T _H = 1 / H). Izi ndi nthawi khalidwe la kukula kwa chilengedwe chonse pa nthawiyo.

Chakumene ndi kuwabalalitsa

Pamene nthawi zonse mu 2016 Chaka cha ofanana 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / Mpc yolalikira tsopano yodziwika ndi kanjedza zotsatirazi: (4,61 ± 0,05) · October ^17, kapena (14,610 ± 0,016) · 10 ⁹ zaka. Kachiwiri, pang'ono nthabwala. Optimists kuti: nkwabwino kuti Way "zabalalika." Ngati ife tiyerekeze kuti ankayandikira mzake, posapita nthawi kubwera ku Big Bang. Koma izo ziri apa kuti anayamba kubadwa wa chilengedwe chonse.

Way "anathamangira" (anayamba kusuntha) mu madera osiyana pa nthawi yomweyo. Ngati mlingo kuchotsa sanali njila kwa mtunda - chiphunzitso tanthauzo kuphulika. otumphukira zonse lina - Hubble mtunda - mankhwala a liwiro _{nthawi kuwala: D H = CT H = m'ma} / H. Apano - (1,382 ± 0,015) · October ²⁶ mamita kapena (14,610 ± 0,016) · ¹⁰ September zaka kuwala.

Ndipo kachiwiri pa zibaluni kufufuma. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti ngakhale zakuthambo si nthawi zonse molondola kumasulira thambo. Gawo la akatswiri akuganiza kuti mpweya ngati mpira mphira, osadziwa zofooka zilizonse. Nyenyezi okha sikuti kusuntha kwa ife, komanso wachisokonezo "amiseche" masango lokhazikika. Ena amanena kuti nyenyezi lakutali "kusambira" makombo a Big Bang, koma pang'onopang'ono.

Ine ndikhoza kukhala Nobel

Hubble anali kuyesera kutenga Nobel Prize. Mu 1940s mochedwa, ngakhale anamulemba ganyu wothandizila malonda (lero adzatchedwa woyang'anira taphunzira), iye patsogolo choncho. Koma zimene anali pachabe: panalibe gulu kwa zakuthambo. Edwin atamwalira mu 1953, mu njira ya kafukufuku wa sayansi. Mausiku angapo anaona zinthu extragalactic.

atsopano wofuna loto lake anakhalabe padera. Koma wasayansi likanakhala wokondwa kuti pomulemekeza danga zakutali dzina lake. Ndipo abale m'badwo wa malingaliro kupitiriza kufufuza danga yaikulu ndi zodabwitsa. Iwo nkumagwiritsabe zinsinsi zambiri. Kodi zinthu zambiri kubwera! Ndi ena ofanana wa nthawi zonse Hubble, ndithudi, kungathandize munthu kuchokera asayansi achinyamata kuti akhale "Copernicus №3».

Anatsutsana Aristotle

Kodi kukhala ndi umboni kapena akutsutsa, monga pamene mu fumbi anaulukira chiphunzitso cha osawerengeka, wamuyaya ndi wosasinthika danga kuzungulira dziko lapansi zimene anali kulimbikitsa Aristotle yekha? Iye amataya chosokonekera ndi ungwiro wa chilengedwe chonse. Mfundo Cosmological anatsimikizira: zonse uyenda, kusintha chilichonse.

Akukhulupirira kuti pa zaka mabilioni kumwamba kanthu ndi mdima. Kukula kwa "itenge" gulu la kaja dziko, kumene kuwala sangafikire ife. Kodi zonse Hubble zogwirizana ngati munthu chilengedwe kanthu? Kodi n'chiyani chidzachitikire sayansi ya ankaganizira? Iwo idzapita? Zonsezi ndi nkhambakamwa.

redshift

Padakali pano, makinawa "Hubble" wapanga chithunzi chosonyeza kuti wachabechabe chilengedwe ndife kutali. Mu malo akatswiri mu njira ya lingaliro kuti anapeza wapatali Edwin Hubble, koma osati lamulo. Komabe, pasanapite nthawi anazindikira dera sayansi nthawi. Kuzipenya wa "kosangalatsa wofiira" si kupambana ufulu kulibe, izo ziri zoona, ndi m'zaka za zana XXI.

Ndipo lero, kudziwa kutalika kwa nyenyezi, zochokera wasayansi superotkrytie. Optimists amanena kuti ngakhale Way athu adzakhala yekha "Abiti" tilibe. Padzakhala nyenyezi mabiliyoni nyenyezi yaing'ono ndi maiko. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ife timuyandikire adzapitiriza kukhala "zolengedwa kufanana" zimene ayenera kufufuza.