Mapangidwe, Nkhani
History of Smolensk. Zosangalatsa za Smolensk
History of Smolensk ndi chidwi osati anthu ndi alendo a mzinda uno. Munthu wotereyu zochitika zambiri tanthauzo dziko. Diamondi likulu la Russia, kiyi-mzinda mzinda ngwazi, anayala pa 7 mapiri ... Pamene anthu kulankhula za Smolensk, kulankhula zokhudza mbiri ya lonse la Russia, chifukwa izo ziri pano kuti nthawi zambiri anawoloka malo ndi njira ya lathu.
Musanayambe nkhani zokhudza mbiri ya mzinda, nenani mawu ochepa za kuli Smolensk. Iwo unali kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Moscow, 378 Km kutali, mu malire chapamwamba za Dnieper. Pa m'gawo lake ndi pafupifupi 330 zikwi. Man. Pa mapu ikusonyezedwa wofiira Smolensk dera.
Mbali chidwi mzinda wa Smolensk
Smolensk ndi imodzi mwa mizinda yakale kwambiri ku Russia. Iye ndi zaka mofanana Novgorod ndi Kiev ndi wamkulu kuposa Moscow. History of Smolensk anayamba m'chaka 863, pamene mzinda inamangidwa panjira "ku Scandinavia ndi Ahelene." Izo yekha akukumbutsa kachisi wakale, kumbuyo zadothi khoma, linga nsanja. Izi zipilala ndi nyumba anaona zikamera ndi kukula kwa Smolensk, ndi izo lonse la Russia. Iwo Smolensk Region ndi kunyumba Gagarin, Asimov, Glinka, Przewalski, Twardowski ndi anthu ena amene amadziwika kunja kwa mkhalidwe wathu.
wokongola kwambiri Smolensk pakati lero. mzinda anali wokhoza kuti kuphatikiza mzimu kale modernity yowala m'mlengalenga zazikulu. Iye ali moyo lero wotanganidwa moyo wa achinyamata. Pali nightlife kwamakono, mayunivesite ambiri ndi cinemas. Tiyi zosowa, momasuka khofi masitolo ndi mipiringidzo phokoso, mabwalo, dzuwa, zobiriwira m'mapaki ndi ngodya pamthunzi wa kayendedwe ka mzinda, pulsation ake ndi kupuma.
Ponena za Smolensk ndi Smolensk dera, n'kosatheka kuona nkhokwe chikhalidwe ndi m'mapaki, kukongola padziko galasi-ngati nyanja ndi nkhalango zobiriwira. Nature okonda adzatha kupuma mpweya nkhalango, kukaona ngodya osafikiridwa zachilengedwe kuti angapezeke mu Smolensk Lakes - National Park.
Kusintha nthawi, mumzinda umenewu amatha kukhala ngati chithumwa zigawo miyambo yakale ndi chikhalidwe wapadera. Mpweya amapereka adzadziwire Smolensk moyo Akasakaniza wachinyamata, kumenya kiyi ndi miyambo yakale.
Zikamera wa Smolensk, masamba woyamba wa mbiri
tawuni ino anakhazikitsidwa mu malire chapamwamba za Dnieper Mtsinje monga mafuko pakati-Krivichy Asilavo. Smolensk History akuyamba ndi kutchula koyamba za izo mu mbiri ya Ustyug, omwe unalembedwa pa chaka 863. Mu nkhani za mmene kumuwombera Askold ndi Dir anakamanga msasa ku mzinda wa mfumu, ananena kuti mzinda wa Smolensk panthawiyo "timuone anthu kwambiri." Mu 882, panali kudya Prince Oleg ya malo amenewa, amene amatchulidwa woyamba Novgorod Chronicle. History Smolensk zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro chakuti iye anali kumapeto kwa zaka za zana IX anakhala mbali ya Kievan Lazaro, koma analamulira vechem kwa nthawi yaitali kuchokera. The zolemba za Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo (Byzantine Mfumu) zokhudzana pakati pa X atumwi, mumzinda umenewu amatchedwa, pamodzi ndi Kiev linga.
Smolensk mu zaka XI-XII
Atamwalira mu 1054 Yaroslav Mudry, pamene Smolensk wamng'ono analamulira ana ake: Vyacheslav woyamba, ndipo pambuyo pake - Igor.
Tili ndi chidwi mu mzinda kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XI amakhala mzinda yeniyeni Vladimira Monomaha, amene analandira kuwonjezera Pereyaslavl South ake akale "fiefdom." Smolensk ukulu ali ufulu wodzilamulira ndale pamene Rostislav Mstislavovich, mdzukulu wa Monomakh. Rostislav hedged mu 1134 Smolensk townsmen malinga. Pa nthawi imeneyo, mzindawo unali kale kwambiri. Izo zinali kuchitikira tima mwala yomanga anapitiriza pansi ana ake Rostislav Mstislavovich - Aroma, ndi kupuma pang'ono Knyazhye 1160 ndi 1180, ndipo Davide (kuchokera 1180 ndi 1197). Mu Smolensk, pofika cha m'ma XII pali wodziimira mapulani sukulu.
Pa mfundo yabwino mtunda pamodzi ndi Dnieper Mtsinje, tili ndi lalikulu m'matauni ndi kumene kumakhala Amonke mipingo, townsmen ndi akalonga a mpingo, komanso mipingo Episcopal. Izi analenga panorama wokongola wa Smolensk, anapanga pa malonda a anthu amene anabwera kuchokera kunja chidwi.
moyo aluntha a mumzindawo
Literature ndi Culture pa nthawi imeneyo anafika mkulu mlingo. Pamene akachisi zinalengedwa zokambirana zomwe iwo anakopera mabuku ndi masukulu kuphunzitsa Latin ndi Greek. anzeru aakulu awa anali m'dziko Smolensk, monga Clement Smolyatich, mlembi ndi nzeru zapamwamba, amene anasankhidwa Metropolitan wa Kiev mu 1147, ndi Rev. Avraamiy Smolensky, "mphatso za yosamalira" ndi "kuphunzira" amene kumakumbukulidwa pa osiyana m'nthawi yake.
Development wa zamanja ndi malonda, nkhondo ya Batu
Akutukuka zamanja ndi malonda. Mu 1229 ife inachita pangano ndi Gotland, Riga ndi mzinda kumpoto-German. mgwirizano Ichi chikudziwika ngati "Smolensk malonda choonadi." Pambuyo akugonjetsa ndi detachment wa Batu mu 1239, Smolensk anapulumuka Mongol chiwonongeko, ngakhale kenako anali kupereka msonkho kwa Golden gulu. Oyendayenda mu 1339 anayesa analanda mzinda woukira kachiwiri, koma anaona malinga amphamvu pa malo pamene Smolensk anabwerera.
Smolensk mbali ya Duchy la Lithuania
mzinda uno m'zaka za m'ma XIV wapanikizidwa Lithuania. Vytautas, Grand Duke la Lithuania, mu 1404 zachinyengo analanda Smolensk pambuyo miyezi iwiri anachoka. Mu 1410 Smolensk, pokhala kale gawo la Duchy la Lithuania, nawo Nkhondo ya Grunwald. Kuwawa kwa Teutons analanda atatu a Smolensk Regiment, amene anali likulu la asilikali a anthu Asilavo. Iwo anamenya imfa, kuganiza Ndipotu, zotsatira za nkhondo imeneyi.
Kumasulidwa kwa Smolensk, chitukuko mzindawu m'zaka za m'ma XVI
Pamene Prince Vasily III mu 1514 Smolensk linatulutsidwa. Iye anakhala mbali ya Muscovy. Pamene Ivan m'khutu mu zaka za m'ma XVI, izo inamangidwa pa dothi kutsinde latsopano thundu linga. Posad ndi Dnieper kwambiri kukodzedwa limapezeka kumanzere banki midzi iwiri watsopano - ndi Churilovskaya Rachevsky. John Kobentsel mlendo, amene 1575 anapita kumzinda, poyerekeza ndi mtengo wa Rome ake. mphamvu Chipolishi Chilituyaniya, mosatsata linga la, pamalo abwino kwambiri kwa iwo, mobwerezabwereza anayesa retake mzinda. chisankho kulimbitsa kumudzi wa malire a kumadzulo kwa dziko anatengedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVI. Mu Smolensk mwamphamvu linga khoma inamangidwa zaka 1596-1602.
nkhondo ya Zitsulo
City akuimira zaka 1609-1611 dvadtsatimesyachnuyu asilikali, chimene chinaperekedwa asilikali a Sigismund III wa, ndi Polish mfumu. Mu kalata mpandadzina amene adakuyitanani kulimbana ndi ankhondowo, zinanenedwa kuti ngati boma Russian anali osachepera ochepa awa "mizinda krepkostoyatelnyh", adani akanatero nepovadno kulowa m'dziko Russian. Yopanda magazi Smolensk anagwa mu June 1611. 43 Only Patapita zaka, mu ulamuliro wa Alexei Mikhailovich, atamasulidwa ku Poland ndipo anali litafika ku boma la Russia.
Great kumpoto nkhondo mbiri ya mzinda
Smolensk pa Great kumpoto nkhondo kamodzinso panjira agonjetsi. Mobwerezabwereza ndinabwera kuno ndi Peter Ine, mu mwambo nkhondo ya asilikali a Sweden zokhalamo tauni. mfumu iyi mu October 1708 pa City Hall mwalamulo anakumana asilikali a Russia, amene anagonjetsedwa ku mudzi wa Forest amene anapita kuthandiza Charles XII Swedish Corps wa molamulidwa ndi General Lewenhaupt.
Udindo watsopano
Tili ndi chidwi mumzinda 1708 analandira udindo watsopano - udindo wa mzinda zigawo. Chovala wakale wa manja Smolensk, chimene chimafotokoza mfuti ndipo mbalame paradaiso atakhala pa izo wavomerezedwa mu 1780. Pansi pa tepi siliva lero Mwambi: "adalemekeza mpanda wolimba". Modern odula Smolensk anapereka m'munsimu.
The reunification mbiri wa makamu awiri pafupi Smolensk
Mu mbiri ya Smolensk analemba tsamba zozizwitsa mu 1812. 1 ndi 2 Russian asilikali Akuthawa malire a kumadzulo pambuyo nkhondo ya Napoleon, anagwirizana pa Smolensk. The French zimapezeka mwa ankamutsutsa koopsa Russian: pa makoma ndi bastions wa adani molimba mtima anasonyeza asilikali Russian. Lumikizani ankhondo a Bagration ndi Barclay de A Tolly pa Smolensk Napoleon akusokoneza mapulani kukunda iwo mmodzi ndi mmodzi. Mu njira zambiri, izi ndi zimene anatsimikiza zotsatira za Nkhondo ya Borodino (mkulu - Kutuzov).
Nkhondo ya Smolensk: tsatanetsatane
asilikali French kuti palibe kanthu chimene chinali kubadwa kwa mfumu (Aug. 4) kulowa mu mzinda uno. Ndipo apa August 4-5 zinachitika Nkhondo ya Smolensk. Mazana a mabomba mtima, zikwi zipolopolo anali amapatsa mzinda. The French pang'ono katswiri Molohovskimi chipata. Koma thandizo anafika, nthawi nathamanga pakhoma, Russian anakankhidwira kunja kwa mtsinje wa French. Komanso kwina ngwazi za Smolensk kumenyana anasiya nkhondo. Ife nawo Nkhondo ya ambiri a m'tauni, onyamula molasidwa kumzinda pachimake ndi kudyetsa asilikali. Popanda kuopa nyukiliya, akazi anabweretsa zidebe wa asilikali madzi otopa. Kwa nthawi yaitali anapitiriza chitetezo cha Smolensk. The French mobwerezabwereza anathamangira kwa mphepo mzinda, koma zonse sizinaphule kanthu. Pamenepo mfumu Napoleon anamulamula kuyatsa bomba ndi mzinda anapita moto pamoto.
pa August 6 m'mawa anabwera French, mopanda mantha mu Smolensk kanthu. Mu Nikolsky Chipata Ine lankhosa Napoleon. asilikali Mfumu masiku 4 Patapita anapita ku Moscow. Komabe, asilikali Russian anachimanga pamodzi, ndipo anabwerera. asilikali Russian pa munda Borodino, anauziridwa ndi pamaso pa chipata chithunzi cha mayi wa Mulungu mabungwe awo (mphirayo mu msasa woti nkhondo), amanyansidwa ndi matenda a French. Bonaparte anamvetsa ndiye mphamvu ya mzimu Russian.
Kubweranso kwa Napoleon
Napoleon miyezi 2 pambuyo adani a Smolensk anathawa kale kumbuyo ndi ankhondo ake njala. Iye anapita pa phazi ku Smolensk pa 28 October pazipata Dnepropetrovsk popanda chofunika chilichonse, pa msewu achisanu. Monga kale, mzindawo unali wopanda kanthu. Njala ndi ozizira, ndipo kumeneko anakumana ndi zotsala za asilikali ake. Napoleon, zinakwiyitsa kwambiri ndi izi ndi analamula kuti aphulitsa linga la mzinda, koopsya kwa iye, ndipo anachoka ku angathamange. Mu mlengalenga anasangalala 9 Smolensk nsanja. Kuchokera pansi enawo unathandizapo Russian woyang'anira anakwanitsa kuchotsa wicks.
Smolensk m'zaka za m'ma XX
Smolensk kuti chiyambi cha XX atumwi anali mtengo akuzigawo m'tawuni. Only 283 nyumba ya 2698 anali mwala. Mu mzinda uwu, malinga ndi kalembera wa 1881, panali 33,9 zikwi. Anthu. mipingo 40 ndi mchitidwe umenewu anachita mu Smolensk. Usiku wa pa October 31, 1917 zinachititsa mbiri chisanadze chosintha a mzinda uno. Iwo anayamba latsopano tsamba - Soviet Smolensk. Zinali ndiye kuti Bolsheviks m'deralo, analengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu Soviet mu mzinda. Upcoming owonongedwa, ndiyeno kubwezeretsa chuma, ndi wokhala Stalinist kupondereza pa Anazi.
The Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo mbiri ya mzinda
Smolensk mu June 1941, anali mu njira ya nkhonya waukulu wa makamu German. Lolemera kumenyana kwa mzinda masabata awiri. Yaitali chitetezo cha Smolensk kwachititsa chakuti mphezi adani a dongosolo likulu chinalephereka. Apa magulu German kwa nthawi yoyamba panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri anakakamizika kupita kumbuyo.
Mu 1943, 25 September, panali nkhondo ku Smolensk, chifukwa mzinda wa anamasulidwa. Nkhondo wabweretsa mavuto osaneneka dziko. Asilikali Smolensk anataya katundu wolemera. Pafupifupi m'munsi mwa mdani anawononga mudziwo. Liberators a anthu 157 zikwi kuno nkhondo isanayambe, kuyembekezera anthu 13 okha zikwi.
"Ofunika City"
Smolensk, akudutsa onse agwa kwa gawo lake la zoŵaŵa, ali anapitiriza kuyang'ana wapadera. makoma mipanda yolimba kwambiri ndi akachisi wakale, zipilala wodzichepetsa ndi zipilala otchuka - ngati wofunika kwambiri pa moyo wake, kumagwirizana ndi tsogolo m'dziko lathu. Smolensk, otsalafe moto moto, nkhondo ya chiwonongeko mdani inakhala malire kutchuka alonda a boma Russian, chakhala chizindikiro wakutemwa Russian ndi opirira. Si kanthu wotchedwa kiyi-mzinda.
Mbiri osungirako zakale za Smolensk
Lero, mbiri wa m'tawuni mukhoza kumuthandiza kuti Museum. Izi zakale Museum, "St. Petersburg - Russian Chikopa" (onani chithunzi m'munsimu), "Smolensk mu Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo 1941-1945". Aliyense wa iwo mu chidwi chawo. Mbiri Museum angakuuzeni za kale mumzinda kuchokera nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe m'zaka za m'ma XX. "St. Petersburg - Russian chishango" ali Thunder nsanja, imene ndi mbali ya Smolensk linga khoma.
Ndi kuyendera malo, mukhoza kuona ndi maso ako mkati lapadera la nsanjayo, kukwera masitepe ake phompho ndi yopapatiza mkati amasirira denga matabwa, komanso kuphunzira za nkhondo zimene zinachitika apa mu zaka XVI-XVII, ndi kumanga mpanda linga.
"Smolensk mu WWII" - kowonera zakale ili mu nyumbayi kale m'manja mwa City School anthu, anamanga mu 1912. Ntchito yomanga nyumba iyi linali lokumbukira tsiku centennial za kupambana pa Napoleon. May 8, 2015 m'nyumbayi linatsegulidwa pambuyo mkuntho.
Mwa kuchezera zakale izi wa Smolensk, mudzamva mbiri ya mzinda, kuphunzira kwambiri za zinthu zatsopano ndiponso zosangalatsa za iye.
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