Fahrenheit: ubale pakati pa thermometer ndi dystopia buku Ray Bradbury

Wotembenuka kutentha lonse dzina pambuyo German sayansi Gabriel Daniel XVII m'ma Fahrenheit (1686-1736). Asayansi analenga thermometer, amene akufuna dongosolo ndi kosavuta kuyeza poyambira. Mtunda yayifupi pakati pa magulu a chipangizo chamagetsi amatchedwa "madigiri Fahrenheit" polemekeza zatsopano lapansi. lonse ili tsopano ntchito kamodzikamodzi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa 70 ntchentche za m'ma XX la International mayunitsi (SI) dongosolo. Kudziwa malamulo a kulanda wagawo wina ndi mzake kudzakuthandizani kumvetsa bwino tanthauzo la dzina la buku la Ray Bradbury ndi "Fahrenheit 451" anthu a m'mayiko amene ntchito dongosolo chinkafunika yekha.

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit

German kafukufuku G. Fahrenheit anabadwa mu Danzig, ntchito moyo wake wonse mu zatsopano sayansi, anatulukira zipangizo ntchito mu metrology. Mu 1710, wasayansi wayamba kukhazikitsa kutentha lonse ndi chipangizo kwa kuyeza Kutentha ndi yozizira thupi. Imodzi mwa mfundo yoyambira pa ntchitoyi anali kuonerera la dziko la osakaniza ayezi ndi madzi ndi evaporation wa madzi pansi Reflux.

The zida kuona kutentha Fahrenheit ntchito zosasonyeza mtundu wake weniweni mowa ndi mankhwala enaake. The sangathe wa zitsulo madzi - izo amaundana pa otsika kutentha. Gabriel Fahrenheit zonse kutsiriza zida zake, anasankhidwa ku Royal Society ku England. Pa nthawi ina ankaganiza kuti ndi German sayansi thermometers irretrievably anataya. Panali nthawi awiri okha, koma anadzapeza wachitatu chipangizo pachiyambi, kungoti asayansi.

Chipangizo kuona kutentha

thermometers zosiyanasiyana pali zaka pafupifupi zaka 500, ulemu kulenga zida ofunika lagawidwa pakati pa asayansi aakulu a Ages Middle. Zitsanzo zoyambirira anavutika anasankha poyambira lonse, ndi ntchito magulu osiyana "mtengo" thermometers anali kovuta pamoyo.

mtengo Gabriel Fahrenheit a kwagona kuti iye anatulukira mawonekedwe yamakono ya chida cha molondola kuyeza sikelo. Wapolisiyo zingakhale chiyambi cha kusintha mu ayezi madzi, kuwira ake mfundo zimenezi. Modern kunyumba thermometers m'mayiko Chingelezi ngati pang'ono kupangidwa ku Middle Ages, tsopano zambiri chizindikiro umagwiritsidwa ntchito osiyanasiyana kuchokera 0 kuti 132 ° F (madigiri Fahrenheit).

kutentha lonse

Magawo chofunika kwambiri lonse analengedwa ndi Fahrenheit:

• Point 0 ° F - ndi kutentha pa zomwe ayezi;
• 32 ° F - kusungunuka ayezi ndi n'zosiyana kusintha - mu chikhalidwe olimba;
• 212 madigiri Fahrenheit - otentha madzi.

Fahrenheit anayamba amaimira ° F pambuyo Kutulukira thermometer. Swedish kafukufuku Anders Tselsy molondola kuposa mnzake ake German, anakhazikitsa madzi kutentha kwa kusintha mu maiko osiyana akaphatikiza. Pamlingo akufuna ndi wasayansi Swedish, aponso, izo zinali chithunzi cha 100, koma mogwirizana ndi limatsogolera ayezi ndi. Pa kuwira mfundo ya madzi 0 digiri Celsius atsopano. Zaka zoposa 250 kuchokera nthawi imene lonse lino kugubuduza: kusintha kutentha ayezi madzi amatengedwa ngati 0 ° C, ndi kuwira mfundo zake zinaperekedwa ndi numeral 100.

Kutentha lonse chachikulu dongosolo chinkafunika

Popeza 1960, mayiko ambiri kupanga kusintha dongosolo chinkafunika, imene mamba awiri ntchito: Celsius ndi Kelvin. Ambiri tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi luso thermometers nyengo, zimene akuchita kugawa Celsius, kuganizira akatembenuka ambiri lapadziko nkhani - madzi. The Kelvin lonse ntchito mu kafukufuku wa sayansi, chiyambi kutentha ndi Buku boma la thupi limene lili laling'ono mphamvu mkati. The United States ndi Britain si kwathunthu kugwiritsa mayunitsi (SI) dongosolo International. Mu izi ndi m'mayiko ena ambiri Chingelezi ntchito thermometers ndi mamba osiyana.

Yerekezerani kutentha

Kutentha Fahrenheit pali imeneyi ku 0 ° 100 °. Gulu chimodzimodzi imeneyi Celsius lonse limafanana kwa -18 ° kwa 38 °. The Kelvin lonse ntchito ganizo la "ziro mtheradi." kutentha, chifukwa -273,2 ° C kapena -459,7 ° F. Angamasuliridwe ndi madigiri 451 Fahrenheit, amene kuchuluka kwa 233 ° C.

kutentha osiyana n'kukhala mzake, ndi anamuuza kuwerengetsera izi mu US ndi UK, kumene standardization ndondomeko m'madera ambiri a kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi kupanga anakana ntchito Fahrenheit lonse, komabe wamba panyumba. Ngati ndi kotheka, anthu okhala maiko Chingelezi ndi wotembenuka Fahrenheit kuti Celsius, podziwa kuti kutentha imeneyi 1 ° C ndi 1.8 ° F.

Rey Bredberi "Fahrenheit 451"

Mpaka mu 1960, Fahrenheit lonse linali m'mayiko Chingelezi, makamaka ntchito mu climatology, mankhwala, makampani ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. buku lake Rey Bredberi maphunziro athu mu 1953, ndipo mu epigraph anasonyeza kuti madigiri 451 Fahrenheit - mfundo pepala kung'anima. Waukulu mankhwala a ngwazi za moyo m'tsogolo ndi ntchito "moto", koma kumenyana ndi moto, ndi kutentha mabuku.

American tingachipeze powerenga Wazopeka Zasayansi mtundu wanyimbo dystopia anu buku odzipereka mavuto a makhalidwe kusankha, madongosolo odana ndi opondereza nkhani yosonyeza kuti XX atumwi anali Fascism. Atabwera mphamvu Germany, Adolf Hitler anayambitsa chiwonongeko cha malaibulale, kutentha mabuku. Mu njira iyi, Mfumu ankafuna kuthetseratu mitundu yonse dissent, kumukakamiza mbadwa mfundo za Anazi. Wotembenuka kutentha lonse ndi thupi kuchuluka - madigiri Fahrenheit - ndi pang'onopang'ono chinthu chakale, koma maganizo anakulira buku la akugwirabe ntchito.