Dante Alighieri: yonena, masiku a moyo, zilandiridwenso

kutchuka lonse dzina la wolemba ndakatulo wotchuka Dante Alighieri Italy. Zilembedwe za ntchito zake akhoza kulimva zosiyanasiyana zilankhulo, monga chizindikiro cha analenga pafupifupi dziko lonse. Iwo kuwerenga ambiri m'zinenero zosiyanasiyana, anaphunzira mu madera osiyana a dziko. Mu ambiri a ku Ulaya pali magulu kuti mwadongosolo kusonkhanitsa, kufufuza ndi popereka mauthenga za cholowa chake. Chidzatha liti moyo Dante chimodzi cha zochitika waukulu chikhalidwe mu moyo wa anthu.

Atenge chosafa

Pa nthawi imeneyo, pamene wolemba ndakatulo kwambiri anabadwa, anthu akuyembekezera kusintha. Zinali madzulo a yaikulu mavuto mbiriyakale kuti udasintha modabwitsa nkhope ya anthu European. The akale dziko, kuponderezana ang'onoang'ono, chisokonezo ndi kusagwirizana kumanzere m'mbuyomu. Ndi zikamera wa bungwe la ufulu opanga. Apo pakubwera nthawi mphamvu ndi ulemelero wa limati mtundu.

Choncho, Dante Alighieri (ndakatuloyi m'zinenero zosiyanasiyana za dziko) - izo si wolemba ndakatulo lotsiriza la Ages Middle, komanso wolemba loyamba la masiku ano. Iye mitu mndandanda wopangidwa mwa maina a Titans Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Iye loyamba anayamba kulimbana ndi chiwawa, nkhanza, obscurantism wa dziko akale. Iye anali mmodzi wa anthu amene poyamba anakweza mbendera ya umunthu. Apa panali poyambira mu chosafa wake.

Choncho wamng'ono

Moyo njira Dante Aligeri, mbiri yake pachibale kuti zochitika zimenezo, amene yodziwika ndi moyo ndiponso ndale za Italy pa nthawi. Iye anabadwa mu banja la Florentines m'dziko May 1265. Iwo anali osauka ndipo osati wolemekezeka kwambiri ang'onoang'ono banja.

bambo ake ankagwira ntchito ku Florence banki olimba wazamalamulo. Iye anafa m'banda, ngakhale mu masiku a unyamata wake, anadzakhala mwana wotchuka.

chakuti zikhumbo ndale Mudathamanga mkulu mu dziko, mwa makoma a mumzinda wakwawo zonse panali nkhondo yoopsayo, chigonjetso Florence anakwanitsa kugonjetsa, sakanatha kuthawa chidwi wolemba ndakatulo wamng'ono. Iye anali Kulingalira Ghibelline kugwa kwa mphamvu, wapereka mwayi komanso kuphatikiza pololanskoy Florence.

Maphunziro zinachitika mu Dante a akale makoma a sukulu wamba. Mnyamatayo adakula chidwi kwambiri, kotero iye sanali mokwanira zikusowa, zochepa sukulu. Nthawi zonse kudziwa awo paokha. mwanayo anayamba chidwi m'banda mabuku ndi luso poganizira za luso, nyimbo komanso ndakatulo.

Yambani wa moyo mabuku a ndakatulo iyi

Koma Dante moyo zolembalemba umayamba nthawi imene mabuku, zojambulajambula, zamanja msangamsanga pilis timadziti mtendere boma. Chirichonse pamaso amene sakanakhoza kufotokoza bwinobwino kuli kulira ndi, kunaonekera. Pa nthawi, latsopano mitundu ya luso anayamba kuoneka ngati bowa bokosi la mvula.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, monga ndakatulo Dante anayesa yekha pamene anali mu bwalo la "kalembedwe latsopano". Koma ngakhale anthu oyambirira zokwanira, ndakatulo, sangathe kunyalanyaza pamaso pa maganizo achiwawa mafunde kuti anaswa zithunzi za kalembedwe imeneyi.

Mu 1293 pali buku la buku loyamba la wolemba ndakatulo wotchedwa "New Life". Mu chopereka cha ndakatulo makumi atatu, zolemba za amene unalembedwa zaka 1281-1292. Iwo anali yaikulu prose ndemanga zomwe khalidwe autobiographical ndipo ndi akatswiri zokongoletsa.

Mavesi zosonkhanitsira koyamba za mbiri ya chikondi wolemba ndakatulo wa. The chinthu choyamikiridwa wake anakhala Beatrice Portinari mmbuyo mu masiku amenewo, pamene mnyamatayo anali atachoka zaka 9. chikondi chimenechi unali woti moyo wake onse. kawirikawiri izo akuwonetseredwa mu mawonekedwe a limagwira osowa mwayi, kudziwa wokondedwa, mwa mauta ake wothawa. Ndipo pambuyo 1290, pamene imfa anatenga Beatrice, chikondi cha ndakatulo amakhala tsoka lake.

ntchito yogwira andale

Chifukwa cha "New Life" dzina la Dante Alighieri, amene yonena mofanana chidwi ndi zoopsa, amadziwika. Kuwonjezera ndakatulo ndi luso, iye anali katswiri kwambiri, mmodzi wa anthu ambiri ophunzira mu Italy. M'lifupi mwa zofuna zake zinali yaikulu kwambiri nthawi imeneyo. Iye anaphunzira mbiri, nzeru, apamwamba, zamulungu, zakuthambo, mapiri ake. Iye anasamala mwapadera ndi dongosolo la nzeru Eastern, ziphunzitso za Avicenna ndi Averroes. chidwi analephera kuthawa alakatuli wamkulu wakale ndi anzeru - Plato, Seneca, Virgil, Ovidi, Juvenal. chidwi ilipiridwa kwa zolengedwa awo Kubadwa Kwatsopano humanists.

Dante zonse asankha Florence kulankhula mu malo aulemu. Iye anachita udindo kwambiri zamtendere ntchito. Mu 1300 Dante Alighieri anasankhidwa kukhala komiti, imene inali priors asanu. nthumwi zake ankalamulira mzinda.

Chiyambi cha mapeto

Koma nthawi yomweyo pali latsopano intensification wa nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni. Ndiye pakati pa msinkhu wa wosamwerana madzi lidasanduka msasa Guelph yokha. Iye anaswa mu "woyera" ndi "wakuda" kagulu kamene, lirikulimbana kwambiri.

Amabisa Dante Aligeri mwa Guelph anali ndi mtundu woyera. Mu 1301, mothandizidwa ndi papa "wakuda" Guelphs anatenga mphamvu pa Florence ndi nkhanza cholimbana ndi adani awo. Iwo anali ku ukapolo ndi kuphedwa. Only pakalibe Dante wake ndiye kupulumutsidwa ku chilango. Iye anali m'ndende absentia imfa. anadikira wake woyaka moto yomweyo pambuyo kubwera kwa nthaka Florence.

Nthawi ya ukapolo kuchokera ku dziko lakwawo

Pa nthawi imeneyo, panali kusokonezeka oopsa moyo ndakatulo a. Opanda dziko lakwawo, anakakamizika kuyendayenda ku mizinda ina ku Italy. Kwa kanthawi ndithu ngakhale kunja kwa dzikoli, mu Paris. Iwo anasangalala kuona ambiri palazzo, koma konse anachedwa. Anaganiza mavuto a msana, ndi kwathu kwambiri Florence ndi alendo akalonga kuti iye ankaona manyazi ndi achipongwe.

Nthawi ya ukapolo ku Florence anali kusasitsa wauzimu wa Dante Alighieri, amene yonena ndi kufikira nthawi imeneyo anali wolemera kwambiri. Pa masana pamaso wake nthawizonse zakhala ndewu ndi kusagwirizana. Sikuti kwawo, komanso dziko lonse anazindikira mwa iwo ngati "kuswana pansi yonama ndi nkhawa." Iye anali kumbali zonse atazungulira feuds wosatha pakati pa mzinda-limati, ndewu mantha pakati maufumu, zokhota, asilikali achilendo, kuponderezedwa minda ya mpesa imawonongeka, kutopa, anthu ofunitsitsa.

Dziko wayamba funde la zionetsero otchuka. Zikamera wa maganizo atsopano kulimbana anthu kuutsa kudzutsidwa maganizo a Dante, akumupempha kufunafuna njira zonse zotheka mwa zinthu.

Kusasitsa wa namatetule zonyezimira

M'nthawi ya kuyendayenda, njala, chisoni kusinkhasinkha za tsogolo la Italy zacha namatetule wa Dante. Pamene anali kulankhula monga ndakatulo, nzeru zapamwamba ndiponso zandale womenyera ufulu, mtolankhani komanso ofufuza za sayansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo lidalembedwa ndi Dante Aligeri "Divine Comedy", zimene zinabweretsa iye lonse kutchuka wosafa.

Ganizo kulemba chidutswa anaonekera kale. Koma kuti kulenga, muyenera kukhala moyo anthu, wodzazidwa ndi chisoni, kulimbana, tulo Kuuma ntchito.

Kuwonjezera pa "Comedy" kunja ntchito zina Dante Alighieri (sonety, ndakatulo). Makamaka, lonena "Phwando" amatanthauza zaka zoyambirira za emigration. Zimatikhudza motani osati zamulungu komanso nzeru, chikhalidwe, zakuthambo, nzeru achilengedwe. Komanso, "Phwando" chinalembedwa chinenero dziko Italy, zomwe zinali zachilendo kwambiri pa nthawiyo. Chifukwa ndiye pafupifupi ntchito asayansi afalitsidwa Latin.

Limodzi ndi ntchito lonena mu 1306 ndinaona dziko ndi ntchito zinenero mutu wakuti "waluso polankhula dziko." Izi ndi phunziro loyamba sayansi European Romance zilankhulo.

Onse ntchito izi akhalabe yosatha, monga zatsopano akhala akutsogolera maganizo a Dante m'njira ina pang'ono.

maloto zosakwanira kubwerera kwawo

Dante Alighieri, amene yonena amadziwika kuti m'nthawi ambiri, nthawi zonse kuganizira za akubwerera. Pa masiku, miyezi ndi zaka zambiri, iye mwakhama ndiponso mosalema akulakalaka izi. Izi zimaonekera makamaka pamene ntchito pa "Comedy", pamene kulenga chithunzi wosafa. Ankakonda mawu Florence, natengedwa pa mlingo dziko ndale. Iye ankakhulupirira mu choona kuti kudzera analenga wanzeru ndakatulo adzatha kubwerera kwawo. Ziyembekezo, chiyembekezo ndi maganizo pa kubwerera anamupatsa mphamvu kuti amalize ntchito Titanic feat.

Koma iye sanali zoyembekezeka kubwerera. Ine atatha kulemba ndakatulo ake mu Ravenna, kumene mphamvu ya mzindawo anapatsidwa m'mene angatetezedwe. M'chaka cha 1321 chilengedwe cha Dante Aligeri "Divine Comedy" inatha, ndipo pa September 14 chaka chomwecho, mzinda m'manda mwapang'ono.

Imfa ya chikhulupiriro mu loto

Mpaka mapeto a moyo wake wolemba ndakatulo anakhulupirira mtendere m'dziko lakwawo. Ntchito anakhala. Chifukwa cha iye, iye anapita ku Venice, amene ankakonza matenda a asilikali pa Ravenna. Dante kwenikweni ankafuna kutsimikizira atsogoleri a Adriatic Republic kuti tiyenera kusiya nkhondo.

Koma ulendo uno osati sanapereke zotsatira akufuna, koma anakhalanso koopsya kwa wolemba ndakatulo iyi. Pobwerera, panali m'madambo lagoon m'dera "lapansi" ndi bane malo amenewa - malungo. Kuti iye anali chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa masiku angapo a nkhondo ndakatulo, nicked, khama kwambiri. Choncho anathetsa moyo Dante Aligeri.

Izo zinali kokha patapita zaka makumi angapo Florence anadziwa amene anatayika mu nkhope ya Dante. Boma ankafuna kukatenga mafupa a ndakatulo kuchokera kudera la Ravenna. mtembo wake tsiku lili kutali ndi kwawo, zimene iye anakana ndipo anaweruzidwa, koma ndipo ali mwana ambiri odzipereka.