Crimea: mbiri ya pachilumbachi. Kodi Crimea, nanga mbiri ya anthu ake?

Chaka zapitazo, Crimea chilumba linali gawo la dziko la Ukraine. Koma pambuyo March 16, 2014, iye m'malo mwa "malo okhala" ndipo anakhala mbali ya la Russia. Choncho ndithu kufotokoza chidwi adakulabe mu kukhala ndi Crimea. Mbiri ya chilumba ndi yaukali kwambiri ndi kwambiri.

Anthu woyamba wa dziko wakale

Mbiri ya anthu a Crimea unalembedwa zaka zingapo. Pa chilumba cha ofufuza anapeza zotsalira za anthu akale amene anali kumbuyo kutali uko pamene nyengo yatsopano Paleolithic. Near magalimoto ndi Kiik-Koba ndi Staroselie ofukula anapeza mafupa a anthu amene pa nthawi imene inkakhala ku dera limeneli.

M'nthawi ya Zakachikwi BC, pa Cimmerians anakhalapo kuno, mtundu ndi Asikuti. M'malo mwa mtundu wa dera kapena m'malo phiri ake ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja mbali akadali otchedwa Tauris, mtundu, kapena Tauridia. mtundu chinkhoswe mu izi si chonde kwambiri ulimi m'dziko ndi nyama husbandry, komanso kusaka kapena kusodza. dziko linali latsopano, mwatsopano ndi yowala.

Agiriki, Aroma ndi Goths

Koma ena limati wakale wokongola kwambiri mawu a malo kunapezeka kuti dzuwa Crimea. Mbiri ya chilumba ndipo ali kumatikumbutsabe wa Greek. Mozungulira 6-5 TH zaka BC, m'dera anayamba mwachangu Ulaya ndi Ahelene. Anayambitsa mzinda wonse, pambuyo amene anadza dziko loyamba. Agiriki anabweretsa limodzi ndi ubwino wa chitukuko: kumanga akachisi ndi malo, mabwalo ndi malo osambira. Panthawi imeneyi, anayamba shipbuilding. Ndi ku mbiri achigiriki zakhala zikunena chitukuko cha viticulture. Komanso, Agiriki mitengo ya maolivi pano ndi kuchita chopereka mafuta. Tikhoza kunena kuti ndi kubera mbiri Ahelene wa Crimea walandira kutsogolera latsopano.

Koma patatha zaka zingapo, Roma wamphamvu anali diso lake pa gawo ili ndi anagwira mbali ya gombe. chopitirira uwu unakhalapo mpaka 6 m'ma AD. Koma kuwonongeka chachikuru chitukuko cha chilumba chifukwa mafuko Gothic amene adagonjetsa zaka 3-4th ndi kupyolera zimene anathyola boma Greek. Ngakhale wokonzeka posachedwa amakakamizidwa mitundu ina, chitukuko cha Crimea kwambiri nthawi kuti mochedwa.

Khazaria ndi Tmutarakan

Crimea amatchedwanso Khazars wakale, ndi ena m'masiku Russian gawo otchedwa tmutarakani. Ndipo si zosangalatsa dzina la m'dera limene Crimea. History wasiya chilumba ku funso anthu dzina toponymic, amene pa nthawi ina ndi mbali ino ya dziko lapansi misa dziko. Kuyambira cha m'ma 5, Crimea lonse kugwa pansi okhwima chikoka Byzantine. Koma kale m'zaka za m'ma 7, dera lonse la chilumba cha (kupatula Chersonese) ali Khazar Khaganate, wamphamvu ndi wolimba. Chifukwa chake Ulaya amatchedwa "Khazars" zopezeka mipukutu yambiri. Koma Russia ndi Khazars nthawi zonse mnzake ndi mbiri 960 wazaka akuyamba Russian Crimea. Khanate kuwonongedwa, ndi onse amayenera kugonjera Khazar Old umwini boma Russian. Tsopano malowa amatchedwa tmutarakani.

Mwa njira, apa Kiev Prince Vladimir, amene anatenga Kherson (Korsun) mu 988 inali yololedwa christened.

Chitata Mongol njira

Kuyambira m'zaka 13 mbiri ya analanda dziko la Crimea kachiwiri akufotokozera Tiyerekezenso asilikali kuti: chilumba ankhondowo Mongol-Chitata.

Pali aumbike Crimea Khanate - kugawikana kwa Golden gulu. Pambuyo Zolotaya Orda amang'amba, mu 1443 pa chilumba pali Krymskoe Hanstvo. Mu 1475, kwathunthu kugwa mchikakamizo cha Turkey. Ndi pano anachita kuukira ambiri pa Polish ndi, Russian ndi minda Ukraine. Ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 15, nkhondo amakhala ambiri komanso kungasokoneze kukhulupirika kwa Moscow State ndi Poland. Kwenikweni, Turkey akhasaka ntchito wotchipa: chain anthu anagwidwa ndi kugulitsa Aisiraeli ku ukapolo ku misika kapolo wa Turkey. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Zaporizhzhya Sich mu 1554 anali kukana kuti nkhondoyo izi.

mbiri Russian

Russian Crimea kutengerapo nkhani apitirira mu 1774, pamene Pangano la Küçük Kaynarca yosainidwa. Pambuyo Chirasha Turkey nkhondo 1768-1774 zinatha pafupifupi zaka 300 akulamulidwa ndi Ottoman. Turkey anakana Crimea. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi pa chilumba muli mizinda yayikulu kwambiri ya Sevastopol ndi Simferopol. Crimea azipeza, ndalama padera kuno, akuyamba maluwa mofulumira makampani ndi malonda.

Koma Turkey sanapereke mapulani kuti ayambenso malo okongola ndiponso kukonzekera nkhondo latsopano. Tiyenera kupereka msonkho kwa asilikali Russian, amene sanalole kutero. Pambuyo nkhondo ina Pangano la Jassy yosainidwa mu 1791.

Dala kusankha Catherine II

Choncho, makamaka chilumba tsopano gawo la ufumu wamphamvu, dzina - Russia. Crimea, amene mbiri zikuphatikizapo kwambiri a kusinthika kuchokera ku dzanja m'manja, anafunikira yachitetezo. Anapeza m'mayiko a kum'mwera ayenera kutetezedwa kuonetsetsa chitetezo malire. Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri akuyang'anira Prince Potemkin kuphunzira ubwino ndi zofooka analanda dziko la Crimea. Mu 1782, Potemkin analembera kalata Mfumukazi, amene akulimbikira kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhani zikuluzikulu. Catherine akugwirizana ndi mfundo zake. Akumvetsa kufunika kwa Crimea kwa kuthetsa mavuto a mkati mwa dziko ndi kaonedwe mfundo yachilendo.

April 8, 1783 Catherine II anapereka Ndondomeko pa inalowa mwa Crimea. Zinali chikalata fateful. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kuchokera tsiku limenelo, Russia, ndi Crimea, mbiri ya ufumuwo, ndi chilumba ndi zogwirizana kwa zaka zambiri. Malinga ndi Manifesto, anthu onse Crimea zinalonjezedwa chitetezo cha m'deralo mdani, kuteteza chuma ndi chikhulupiriro.

Komabe, Turkey wa inalowa mwa Crimea kwa Russia anazindikira miyezi isanu ndi itatu yokha ina. nthawi yonseyi, vuto ozungulira chilumba anali yomangika kwambiri. Pamene Ndondomeko ya linasindikizidwa, woyamba wa okhulupirika kwa Russian Ufumu analumbira atsogoleri kenako yekha - anthu onse. Chilumba anakonza mapwando mwamwambo, phwando, yotengekatengeka masewera ndi mafuko kavalo mfuti akatemera wa makombola apatsidwa kwa mlengalenga. Monga tanenera a m'nthawi, Crimea lonse ndi kukondwera ndi msangalalo, anadutsa ku Russian Ufumu.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Crimea, mbiri chilumba ndi njira ya moyo ya anthu ake inextricably zogwirizana zinthu zonse zimene zinachitika mu Russian Ufumu.

Inalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kwa chitukuko

A History Mwachidule wa Crimea pambuyo analanda dziko ku Russian Ufumu tinganene kuti mawu amodzi - "akukula." Pali wayamba mofulumira kukhala makampani komanso ulimi, winemaking, viticulture. M'mizinda pali nsomba ndi ziwaya mchere, anthu mwachangu osauka zikulumikizana malonda.

Popeza Crimea ndi mu nyengo yofunda kwambiri ndi yabwino, anthu ambiri olemera Tsarist Russia amafuna kutenga apa dziko. Otchuka, anthu a m'banja lachifumu, industrialists kuti unali ulemu anapeza malo banja pa pachilumbachi. Mu TH 19 - oyambirira 20 atumwi TH, pali akuyamba maluwa mofulumira zomangamanga. Atsogoleri a makampani, madona achifumu, osankhika Russian akumanga pano nsanja zokhalamo lonse kuswa m'mapaki okongola amene zinasungidwa pa dera la Crimea lero. Ndipo pambuyo otchuka a chilumba anatambasula ojambula zithunzi, zisudzo, oimba, ojambula zithunzi, zisudzo-goers. Crimea kukukhala Mecca chikhalidwe cha Russian Ufumu.

Musaiwale za nyengo salubrious a pachilumbachi. Popeza madokotala wasonyeza kuti mpweya wa Crimea ndi yabwino kwambiri mankhwala TB, apa Haji misa pofuna kupezanso nthenda yoopsa. Crimea wayamba wokongola osati kwa ena bohemia, komanso chifukwa zokopa alendo thanzi.

Pamodzi ndi dziko lonse

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 chilumba anayamba kupanga pamodzi ndi dziko lonse. Osati zapita, ndipo October kuukira boma ndi wotsatira nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Zinali ku Crimea (Yalta, Sevastopol, Theodosia) anapita zombo zakale ndi zotengera, limene Russian anasiya Russian anzeru. Apa ndi pamene panali eksodo Unyinji wa azungu. Dziko walenga dongosolo latsopano, ndi Crimea sakanati achoke.

Izo zinali mu 20s Mu zaka zapitazo zinachitika Crimea wasinthika zonse Union achisangalalo thanzi. Mu 1919, Bolsheviks kulandira "Watsimikiza SNK pa madera achire kwambiri m'dziko." Crimea linalembedwa mu mzere wake wofiira. Patapita chaka anasaina chikalata china chofunika - ". Pa ntchito Crimea zochizira antchito 'lamulo

Mpaka pamene nkhondoyo, chilumba gawo kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati achisangalalo kwa consumptives. Pa Yalta mu 1922 ngakhale amapereka apadera Institute of TB. Ndalama pa mlingo ndi chokwanira, ndipo posakhalitsa SRI wayamba malo yaikulu ya dzikolo opaleshoni m'mapapo.

Epochal Crimea Conference

Pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, chilumba anali zochitika za ntchito yaikulu asilikali. Apa ife kumenyana pa mtunda ndi nyanja, mu mlengalenga ndi m'mapiri. mizinda iwiri - Sevastopol ndi Kerch - analandira udindo wa Hero City pa chopereka kwambiri kuti kugonjetsa Fascism.

Komabe, si onse amene anthu okhala loloseredwa Crimea, kumenyana pa mbali ya Soviet Army. Akuluakulu a Crimea Chitata poyera anathandiza adani. N'chifukwa chake mu 1944 Stalin analamula kupita kwa Crimea Chitata kunja Crimea. Mazana a sitima mu tsiku atenga fuko lonse ku Central Asia.

Crimea anapita ku zikomo mbiri chakuti mu February 1945, anachitikira Livadia Palace mu msonkhano Yalta. Atsogoleri a mayiko atatu - Stalin (USSR), Roosevelt (USA) ndi Churchill (United Kingdom) - Mukalowa mu Crimea zikalata zofunika lonse limene dongosolo la dziko kumatanthauza kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo nkhondo.

Crimea - Chiyukireniya

Mu 1954 pakubwera chida chatsopano. Utsogoleri Soviet wasankha kusamutsa Chiyukireniya Soviet Socialist Republic of Crimea. Mbiri ya pachilumbachi chinayamba Tiyerekezenso latsopano. kanthu anabwera okha kuchokera ndiye mutu wa Communist Party Nikita Khrushchev.

Ichi chidachitika kuti tsiku wozungulira m'chaka chomwecho dziko phwando la chikumbutso 300th wa Pereyaslav Rada. Kuti azikumbukira tsiku umenewu ndi kuonetsera kuti anthu Russian ndi Ukraine ogwirizana, Crimea unasamutsidwira SSR Chiyukireniya. Ndipo tsopano anayamba kuoneka ngati lonse ndi gawo la buluku lonse la "Ukraine - Crimea". Mbiri ya chilumba nichinaet anafotokoza mu mbiri m'nthawi slate woyera.

Zinali zochita zachuma kulungamitsidwa, anali ndizofunikira pamene kutenga zimenezi - mafunso amenewa ngakhale anaonekera pa nthawi. Popeza Soviet Union anali munthu, palibe amene wapereka lofunika kwambiri ngati Crimea adzakhala gawo la RSFSR ndi Chiyukireniya SSR.

Kudziyimira pawokha mu Ukraine

Pamene anapanga wodziimira Chiyukireniya boma, Crimea walandira udindo wa kudziyimira pawokha. Mu September 1991, izo anatenga Declaration wa State ufumu Republic. A December 1, 1991 referendum ndi unachitikira amene 54% ya chiwerengero Crimea amapereka ufulu wa Ukraine. Mu May chaka chamawa, anatenga Constitution la Republic of Crimea, ndi mu February 1994 Crimeans mwasankha pulezidenti woyamba wa Republic of Crimea. Iwo anakhala Yuri Meshkov.

Izo zinali mu zaka za perestroika mikangano onse anayamba uka zambiri kuti Khrushchev anapereka Crimea kwa Ukraine mozemba. Ovomereza-Russian amaganiza ku chilumba anali amphamvu kwambiri. Choncho, mwamsanga pamene mpata, Crimea anabwerera ku Russia.

Fateful TH March 2014

Ngakhale mu Ukraine kumapeto 2013 - oyambirira 2014 anayamba kukula zikuluzikulu mavuto boma, mawu zambiri Crimea kuti chilumba ndi kubwerera ku Russia. Usiku wa pa 26 pa February 27 mwa anthu osadziwika mbendera Russian anaukitsidwa pa nyumba ya Council Wamkulukulu wa Crimea.

Bungwe la Crimea ndi Sevastopol Council City Supreme utenga kulengeza pa ufulu wa Crimea. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anafuulira lingaliro kugwira zonse Crimea referendum. Poyamba, anali inakonzedwa March 31, koma kenako zowawa masabata awiri kale - pa March 16. Zotsatira Crimea referendum zochititsa chidwi: mu Crimea kujowina Russia anakuvoterani 96,6% omwe adzaponye chisanko. Mlingo wonse thandizo chigamulo cha anthu Crimea chilumba anali 81,3%.

Mbiri yamakono ya Crimea akupitiriza mawonekedwe pamaso pathu. Si mayiko onse anazindikira udindo wa Crimea. Koma Crimeans moyo ndi chikhulupiriro m'tsogolo.