Francesco Petrarca: yonena, masiku kiyi ndi zochitika, zilandiridwenso

Dziko lonse amadziwa kwambiri sonnets Italy. Francesco Petrarca, wolemba awo, wokongola Italy ndakatulo ndi zaumunthu wa XIV atumwi, anatchuka kwambiri kupyola mmibadwo ndi zilandiridwenso. Ndicho za izo ndi ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi. Timanena za moyo, zilandiridwenso ndi nkhani yachikondi ya Petrarch.

Francesco Petrarca: yonena

Malo amene ndakatulo lalikulu Arezzo (Italy) mu 1304, pa 20 July. atate wake - Pietro di Ser Parenzo Petrakko dzina, anali Florence odziwitsa. Komabe, ku Florence, iye anachotsedwa asanabadwe mwana wake, chifukwa chipani anathandiza "woyera". Yemweyo chinaperekedwa kuntchito ndi Dante. Komabe Arezzo oyendayenda banja Petrarca ali likupitirirabe. The makolo a ndakatulo iyi anayendayenda m'mizinda ya Tuscany, sanasankhebe kupita ku Avignoni. Ndi nthawi Francesco anali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi.

maphunziro

Mu France, mu zaka anali kusukulu, mmodzi wa iwo ndipo anachita Francesco Petrarca. Wambiri mwa ndakatulo iyi limanena kuti pa maphunziro ake, katswiri Latin ndipo anaphunziranso kukonda mabuku Roma. Petrarch anamaliza mu 1319, ndipo pa kuumirira kwa atate wake anayamba kuphunzira chilamulo. Kuchita zimenezi, anapita kwa Montpellier ndiyeno University of Bologna, kumene iye anakhala mpaka 1326 - pa nthawi bambo ake anamwalira. Komabe, lamulo sakhala chidwi Francesco. Iye adayandikira dera chosiyana - mabuku tingachipeze powerenga.

Ndipo atamaliza maphunziro yunivesite, wolemba ndakatulo m'tsogolo, osati kupita ku chilamulo ndinapita kwa ansembe. Ichi chinali chifukwa chosowa ndalama - mbiri bambo ake analandira ntchito pamanja wa Virgil.

apapa

Francesco Petrarca (yonena za chomwe chili apa) zikukhazikitsa mu khoti Avignoni Papa ndi amalandira kudzodzedwa. Apa iye wakudza ndi amphamvu zikomo Colonna banja ubwenzi yunivesite ndi chimodzi cha ziwalo zake Giacomo.

Mu 1327 Petrarch koyamba mbuye wake m'tsogolo Laura, amene adzakhala imasonkhezera ake. Wokhudzidwa kwa mtsikana anakhala wa zifukwa zingapo kuchotsa wolemba ndakatulo mu Vaucluse Avignoni.

Petrarch imatengedwa woyamba, amene anakwera pamwamba pa Mont Ventoux. Chitunda zinachitika April 26, 1336. Ulendo wachitira m'bale wake.

Zolembalemba kutchuka ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo ya banja la Colonna Petrarch N'chiyani nyumba mu chigwa cha Sorgue Mtsinje. Apa ndakatulo anakhala okwana zaka 16.

mlombwa wreath

Pakali pano, chifukwa ntchito zake zolembalemba (chapadera sonnets) Francesco Petrarch anatchuka kwambiri. Pa nkhani imeneyi, anaitanidwa kuti atenge ndi mlombwa wreath (ndi mphoto apamwamba kwa wolemba ndakatulo) ku Naples, Paris ndi Rome. Wolemba ndakatulo wasankha Rome, ndipo mu 1341 anavekedwa pa Capitol.

Pambuyo Francesco anakhala pafupi chaka pa bwalo la Parma wankhanza Atstso Correggio, ndiyeno Vaucluse. nthawi ili yonse ndakatulo analota za chitsitsimutso cha ukulu wakale wa Roma, choncho anayamba kulalikira kupanduka wa Republic Roma. Chotero maganizo andale imawonongeka ubwenzi wake ndi njuchi, zomwe zinachititsa kuti wasamuka ku Italy.

Latsopano Papa Innocent VI

Francesco Petrarca moyo ku nthawi za kubadwa, ndipo pafupifupi mpaka imfa yake inali zonse za maulendo ndi ulendo. Choncho, 1344 ndi mu zaka 1347. wolemba ndakatulo anapanga ulendo wautali kupita ku Italy, amene adadza naye kwambiri za anzake, ambiri a imene inatha mu ubwenzi. Pakati pa mabwenzi izi Italy ndinatembenuka ndi Boccaccio.

Mu 1353, iye anauzidwa kuti achoke Vaucluse Franchesko Petrarka. Mabuku a ndakatulo Virgil ndi chilakolako linachititsa akumane khalidwe la watsopano Papa Innocent VI.

Komabe, Dipatimenti ya Petrarch Florence limapereka, kumene ndakatulo, sanasangalale. Iye anasankha kupita ku Milan, kumene anatenga malo ake pa bwalo la Visconti, kuchita utumwi zamtendere. Panthawi imeneyi anapita ngakhale Charles IV mu Prague.

imfa ndakatulo ndi

1361 zinali zodzaza ndi kuyesa Petrarch kubwerera kwa Avignoni, amene zinalephereka. Ndiye ndakatulo kumanzere Milan ndi 1362 iye anakakhala Venice. Apa anakhala mwana wake mchigololo ndi banja lake.

Petrarch ku Venice pafupifupi chaka anapita ku Italy kuyenda. Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake wolemba ndakatulo ankakhala ku bwalo la Francesco da Carrara. Petrarch anafa m'mudzi Arkva mu usiku wa 18 mpaka 19 July 1374. Wolemba ndakatulo sanakhale moyo kuona kubadwa kwake 70 tsiku lina. Anaonana naye m'mawa. Iye anakhala pa gome, kukaweramira kulemba, limene limafotokoza moyo wa Kaisara.

periodization wa zilandiridwenso

Ankakhala zachilendo ndi chidwi moyo Francesco Petrarca (yonena za ndakatulo iyi watilola kutsimikizira izi). Osati zonse yosavuta ndi zilandiridwenso wa wolemba. Choncho, ntchito mabuku a Petrarch anawagawa m'magulu awiri: zosiyanasiyana ntchito Latin ndi Chitaliyana ndakatulo. ntchito Latin ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu mbiri, pamene ndakatulo mu Italy anapanga wolemba otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse.

Ngakhale mlakatuli anatenga ndakatulo wake monga zamkhutu ndi opanda pake, zimene sizinalembedwa m'buku, koma kuti atsogolere mtima ndakatulo a. Mwina n'chifukwa chake kuya, kudzipereka ndi immediacy wa sonnets a wolemba Italy kwakhudza wautali kwambiri osati pa mbadwo wake, komanso pa mibadwo wotsatira.

Petrarch ndi Laura

Pa chikondi cha moyo Petrarch ndipo iye anauziridwa kulenga imasonkhezera lalikulu amadziwika kwa anthu onse okonda ndakatulo. Komabe, nkhani si kwambiri.

Amadziwika kuti nthawi yoyamba anaona mtsikana April 6, 1327 mu mpingo wa Santa Chiara. Laura anali ndi zaka 20, ndipo zaka Choncho 23 zaka.

Mwatsoka, palibe umboni wotsimikizira ngati iwo ankadziwa, ngati mtsikana anayankha mtundu ndi wolemba, amene moyo wake onse anali mu mtima ndi malingaliro anga kuwala fano tsitsi wokomamtima. Komabe, Petrarch ndi Laura, ngakhale malingaliro awo anali kwathunthu, sanathe kukhala pamodzi, monga wolemba ndakatulo wakhala kugwirizana kachipembedzo ulemu. atumiki A mpingo alibe ufulu kukwatira kapena kukwatiwa ndi kukhala ndi ana.

Popeza msonkhano wake woyamba zaka zitatu Francesco ankakhala Avignoni, kuimba chikondi chake kwa Laura. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anayesera kuti awone iye mu mpingo ndi mu malo kumene iye kawirikawiri anapita. Musaiwale kuti Laura anali ndi banja, mwamuna ndi ana. Komabe, zinthu zimenezo ayi kusokoneza ndakatulo, chifukwa mngelo wokondedwa anamuonekera thupi.

Msonkhano wotsiriza, ndi imfa Laura

Malinga ndi mawu a mabuku, Petrarch anali otsiriza anamuona wake wokondedwa 27 September 1347. Ndipo miyezi sikisi, mu April 1348, mkazi anafa. Chifukwa cha imfa yake anakhalabe osadziwika. Petrarch sanafune kuti mulimbane ndi imfa ya wokondedwa wake, ndi ndakatulo ambiri olembedwa atamwalira Laura zambiri analankhula kwa iye monga moyo.

A mndandanda wa sonnets opatulidwira kwa iye "Kantsonere" Petrarch kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: ". Imfa ya Laura" "moyo" ndi

Asanafe wolemba ndakatulo analemba kuti moyo wanga ankafuna zinthu awiri - Laura ndi Laura, kuti ndi ulemerero ndi chikondi. Ndipo ngati mbiri adadza kwa Iye pa moyo wake, kuti iye ankafuna kupeza chikondi atamwalira, amene akhoza kugwirizana ndi Laura muyaya.

Features wa zilandiridwenso ndi kulimbana wauzimu

Ndi mndandanda wa "Kantsonere" The malo ndi udindo wa ndakatulo iyi mu mabuku Italy ndi dziko. Petrarch, amene ndakatulo anali anapeza weniweni wa nthawi yake, choyamba analenga luso la Italy ntchito m'nyimbo - ndakatulo wolemba kwa nthawi yoyamba anakhala mbiri ya mmene munthu wamkati. Chidwi ndi moyo mkati chinadzakhala maziko a zonse zilandiridwenso Petrarch ndipo anatsimikiza a anthu ntchito yaikulu.

Ntchito izi monga autobiographies awiri ndi Petrarch. Choyamba, yosatha, lili ndi uthenga kwa ana mawonekedwe ndi kuuza kunja kwa moyo mlembi. Chachiwiri, ndi maonekedwe a kukambirana pakati Petrarch ndi St. Augustine, limafotokoza moyo wamkati ndi kulimbana abwino moyo ndakatulo a.

Chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi kulimbana kwa makhalidwe wokonda moyo wodzimana wa mpingo ndi zofuna za Petrarch. Against izi maziko zomveka chidwi mu ndakatulo nkhani za chikumbumtima, kusonyeza umene maola anayi: .. "Pa yopuma kumene kumakhala Amonke", "Pa moyo yekha," etc. Komabe, mu mkangano ndi Augustine, kuteteza wokonda moyo wodzimana-achipembedzo nzeru, Umapeza a anthu view Petrarch wa dzikoli.

Ndi mpingo

Iye akuyesera kuti akayanjanitse chiphunzitso cha mpingo ndi Agiriki mabuku Petrarch. Ndakatulo, ndithudi, ndi chochita ndi chipembedzo kapena moyo wosasangalala, koma wolemba ndakatulo anakwanitsa kukhalabe Mkatolika. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi chiwerengero cha Mfundo, ndipo makalata ndi anzanu. Komanso, Petrarch anatsutsa kwambiri ndi scholastics ndi atsogoleri a m'nthawi yake.

Mwachitsanzo, "Letters popanda adiresi" anadzazidwa ndi kuukira satirical ndi lakuthwa kwambiri ndi makhalidwe oipa a likulu papa. Ntchito imeneyi imakhala mbali 4 analandira anthu osiyana - zooneka ndi zopeka.

kutsutsa

Francesco Petrarca, ntchito yake anali yosiyanasiyana, yovuta kwa mpingo ndi chi mabuku akale. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ndakatulo anali kwambiri kuyambira kudziletsa amalingalira. Zitsanzo za ntchito, kumene iye anaonetsa ubale ofanana ndi dziko, ndi zotsatirazi: alange dokotala, amene sayansi pamwamba pa waluso polankhula ndi ndakatulo; ntchito ndi bishopuyo, amene ankaneneratu za kubweranso kwa Papa Urban V ku Rome; ntchito ndi bishopuyo wina, amene anaukira ntchito kwambiri Petrarch.

Mtsutso ndakatulo kugwirizana ndi mavuto zachinyengo, ndipo anapezeka ku zolemba zake zakale. Mwachitsanzo, mu De rebus memorandis libri IV - Kutolere anecdotes (nkhani) ndi mawu omwe akhala anaitenga ku Latin ndi olemba ano. mawu awa anakonza malinga ndi mitu ya zachinyengo, omwe anali Mwachitsanzo, mayina: "O Nzeru," "Pa zinsinsi za", "Pa Chikhulupiriro" ndi zina zotero.

wofunika kwambiri kwa wolemba mbiri ya Petrarch ali makalata yaikulu kwambiri ndakatulo iyi. Ambiri mwa makalata amenewa Kwenikweni, ndemanga pa ndale ndiponso makhalidwe ena monga nkhani journalistic. N'zopanda ntchito ndi mawu wolemba, amene anapulumutsa pa zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana.

"Canzoniere" ( "Book of Songs")

Monga ndakatulo Francesco Petrarch anakhala zikomo wotchuka kwa deta yake ya "Canzoniere" imene ife tatchulazi. Buku unadzipereka chikondi ndakatulo cha Laura. Zosonkhanitsira zikuphatikizapo okwana sonnets 350, zomwe 317 a mbali ya "Pa moyo ndi imfa ya Madonna Laura." Kwa zaka makumi anai Petrarch sonnets wodzipereka kwa wokondedwa wake.

Mu ntchito zake m'nyimbo ya Francesco imakhumbira ungwiro wakumwamba ndi angelo maonekedwe a Laura. Ndi ndakatulo lili lalikulu ndi kufikako. moyo wake poyerekeza ndi nyenyezi yowala. Ndi zonse izi Petrarca amalowerera kufotokoza Laura ngati mkazi weniweni, osati monga fano abwino.

Pakuti m'nthawi imeneyo Franchesko Petrarka anali woyamba amene kuyimba ukulu ndi kukongola kwa munthu, ndi kusamala osati maonekedwe komanso makhalidwe abwino. Komanso, ndakatulo ndi m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa a anthu monga cholengedwa okhutira ndi kaganizidwe. Isanafike luso Petrarch akale kukuwa mbali chabe ya munthu wauzimu, Mulungu ndi wakumwamba, ndipo ankaoneka mtumiki opanda ungwiro ndipo alibe Mulungu.